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- Most spies are “illegals”: those who pose as ordinary citizens. But some pose as diplomats, which is called having “legal” cover – and these can receive diplomatic immunity. There is a big difference between the types of espionage that can be committed by these spies and the penalties that they receive.
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Is spying legal?
Why are spies called 'illegals'?
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Is cyber espionage legal?
Mar 15, 2023 · Regardless of whether spying is legal, separate questions arise as to whether it is morally justified and strategically wise. In the case of the spy balloon, U.S. officials repeatedly referred to China’s actions as both illegal and “unacceptable,” alluding to deeper concerns with espionage itself.
- Intelligence Officers
- Agents
- Differences in Terminology
- How Intelligence Officers and Agents Operate
- Cyber Espionage
Intelligence officers are members of intelligence services. They will be highly trained in espionage techniques and the use of agents. They may operate openly, declaring themselves as representatives of foreign intelligence services to their host nation, or covertly under the cover of other official positions such as diplomatic staff or trade deleg...
In the UK, an agent, more formally known as a "covert human intelligence source", is someone who secretly provides information to an intelligence officer. They will probably not be a professional "spy" but may have some basic instruction in espionage methods. An agent may be motivated by a wide variety of personal or ideological factors.
Confusion often arises between what is meant by an officer and an agent. Other countries use the same terminology in different ways. In the United States, for instance, an agent is a member of an intelligence or security agency such as the FBI or CIA. Such agencies call a covert human intelligence source an "informant" rather than an "agent."
Intelligence officers seek to gather covert intelligence directly and to recruit agents to obtain intelligence on their behalf. The methods used by intelligence officers vary widely, and are often limited only by their ingenuity. They will often take advantage of the latest technology, using it to eavesdrop, tap telephone calls and communicate secr...
Espionage activity is also carried out in cyberspace. Foreign intelligence services increasingly use the Internet and cyber techniques to conduct espionage against UK interests. Cyber can be an attractive method of intelligence gathering for several reasons: 1. It can be more cost-effective than traditional means; 2. Its remote nature means that th...
In espionage jargon, a mole (also called a "penetration agent", [1] "deep cover agent", "illegal" or "sleeper agent") is a long-term spy (espionage agent) who is recruited before having access to secret intelligence, subsequently managing to get into the target organization. [2]
The Russians call these officers “illegals,” the Americans call them “NOCs” (for Non-Official Cover). If caught, they’re on their own, and face arrest, even execution. One of the undercover spies you can discover in the Spy Museum is Russian illegal Dmitri Aleksandrovich Bystrolyotov.
Sep 28, 2015 · Most spies are “illegals”: those who pose as ordinary citizens. But some pose as diplomats, which is called having “legal” cover – and these can receive diplomatic immunity. There is a big difference between the types of espionage that can be committed by these spies and the penalties that they receive.
Aug 19, 2024 · The Official Secrets Act 1911 criminalises espionage by prohibiting certain conduct that is carried out with a purpose prejudicial to the safety of interests of the UK, including obtaining or...
Mar 30, 2018 · The discussion of spy treatment during wartime by international law suggests an implied legitimacy to the practice; however, it is still not explicitly declared legal and the application to peacetime espionage is essentially negligible due to the supremacy of state sovereignty.
