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Logic is the study of correct reasoning, both formal and informal. Learn about the basic concepts, systems, and areas of logic, as well as its history and role in various fields.
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logic, the study of correct reasoning, especially as it involves the drawing of inferences.
This article discusses the basic elements and problems of contemporary logic and provides an overview of its different fields. For treatment of the historical development of logic, see logic, history of. For detailed discussion of specific fields, see the articles applied logic, formal logic, modal logic, and logic, philosophy of.
An inference is a rule-governed step from one or more propositions, called premises, to a new proposition, usually called the conclusion. A rule of inference is said to be truth-preserving if the conclusion derived from the application of the rule is true whenever the premises are true. Inferences based on truth-preserving rules are called deductive, and the study of such inferences is known as deductive logic. An inference rule is said to be valid, or deductively valid, if it is necessarily truth-preserving. That is, in any conceivable case in which the premises are true, the conclusion yielded by the inference rule will also be true. Inferences based on valid inference rules are also said to be valid.
(Read Steven Pinker’s Britannica entry on rationality.)
Logic in a narrow sense is equivalent to deductive logic. By definition, such reasoning cannot produce any information (in the form of a conclusion) that is not already contained in the premises. In a wider sense, which is close to ordinary usage, logic also includes the study of inferences that may produce conclusions that contain genuinely new information. Such inferences are called ampliative or inductive, and their formal study is known as inductive logic. They are illustrated by the inferences drawn by clever detectives, such as the fictional Sherlock Holmes.
The contrast between deductive and ampliative inferences may be illustrated in the following examples. From the premise “somebody envies everybody,” one can validly infer that “everybody is envied by somebody.” There is no conceivable case in which the premise of this inference is true and the conclusion false. However, when a forensic scientist infers from certain properties of a set of human bones the approximate age, height, and sundry other characteristics of the deceased person, the reasoning used is ampliative, because it is at least conceivable that the conclusions yielded by it are mistaken.
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Logic is the study of correct reasoning, especially as it involves the drawing of inferences. Learn about the basic concepts, fields, and applications of logic, from deductive to inductive, from formal to applied, from philosophy to computer science.
Learn about Logic, an American rapper, singer, songwriter, and record producer who released nine albums and several mixtapes. Find out his background, achievements, awards, and his exclusive deal with Twitch as a streamer.
Learn the meaning, synonyms, examples, and history of the word logic, which refers to the science of reasoning or the mode of thinking. Find out how logic is related to logistics, the art of calculating, and see related phrases and entries.
Logic is the discipline that aims to distinguish good, correct reasoning from bad, incorrect reasoning. Learn the basic notions of logic, such as propositions, arguments, premises, conclusions, and logical rules.
