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Nov 3, 2014 · Abstract. This chapter reviews research on resistance to influence, active or passive processes that reduce the impact of a potential source of social influence. This chapter begins with a discussion of the antecedents of resistance: characteristics of the influence target (strong attitudes, demographics, and personality), perceived aspects of ...
- What Is Resistance?
- Types of Resistance
- Dominant Academic Schools in The Study of Resistance
- Identities and Resistance: Race, Class and Gender
- Resistance in Media
- Key Scholars and Scholarship
- Author Profiles
Resistance is a complex social phenomenon that can include a broad range of behaviors and actions. Resistance can occur at the micro level of individual people all the way to the macro level of protests that bring down whole governments. Given the broad nature of resistance, this page focuses on resistance which occurs amongst subcultures and revie...
Micro, Meso and Macro Level Resistance
At the micro level, a participant of a subculture may personally act against stereotypes and stigmas that are systemic of cultural hegemony, using teachings from a subculture to resist this system’s effect on their own life. One example of micro level resistance is a goth using goth subcultural style as a way to resist middle class values of appearance as well as set themselves apart from the conformist mainstream. At the meso level, a participant of a subculture may challenge norms and expec...
Overt and Covert Resistance
Overt resistance is visible and recognized as resistance by targets and observers (Holland and Einwohner 2004). Covert resistance is intentional resistance which goes unnoticed by targets, yet culturally aware observers recognize the act as resistant (Holland and Einwohner 2004). One example that shows how resistance falls on a continuum between covert and overt resistance is Riot Grrrl ‘zine making. Zine making allows Riot Grrrls to resist the way patriarchal culture makes women silent and o...
Passive and Active Resistance
The level of intention in a resistant act is the distinguishing factor between passive and active resistance (Williams 2009). Many subculture participants resist hegemonic cultural norms and engage in a deviant lifestyle without intending to change the larger system. This is passive resistance, whereas active resistance is a much more obvious, intentional attempt to disrupt the status quo. Subculture participants who live a certain way out of personal preference engage in passive resistance,...
The Birmingham School Theorists
The Birmingham school popularized the study of working-class youth and the many ways in which they resisted middle class, bourgeois lifestyles. Birmingham school scholars saw working class youth resistance primarily through the lens of style and ritual (Hall and Jefferson 1976). Hebdige (1979) theorized resistance in terms of cultural appropriation, in which people take everyday objects out of their normal cultural meaning and integrate them into style to create new resistant and subversive m...
Post Subcultural Theorists
Post Subcultural Theorists question the effectiveness of the Birmingham school’s focus on style. They argue that in a postmodern society, “the potential for style itself to resist appears largely lost, with any intrinsically subversive quality to subcultures exposed as an illusion” (Muggleton and Weinzierl 2003). In other words, the semiotic resistance of style which the Birmingham School emphasized so strongly, has losts its shock value. The loss of shock value can also be traced to the tend...
Race
Due to the disadvantages some races experience in society, resistant movements spawn from oppressed racial groups. There are many uses of active resistance in protests concerning race such as the Black Lives Matter movement and pro-immigration marches. Many more people engage in passive resistance through actions such as listening to rap or hip-hop albums that criticize the presence of white supremacy in governmental structures. Many artists that write this kind of music promote the “ghetto l...
Gender
People of every gender identity resist expectations and implicit rules. Some men break the boundaries of masculinity by professing adoration for traditionally feminine objects. Men in the ‘brony’ subculture, who are fanatics of the show My Little Pony, break gender boundaries by watching a show written for a female audience. The Riot Grrrl subculture is also a response to the sexism present in the male dominated punk scene. Gender queer youth defy all gender roles by not conforming to either...
Class
As discussed earlier, many subcultures focus their resistance on class structures. Low-income youth in Willis’ ethnography resisted the cultural hegemony of the middle class in schools and reevaluated characteristics of the working class (Willis 1977). However, class resistance is not only about working classes resisting the upper classes. For example, the goth subculture uses goth style to resist “conformist” middle class attitudes and standards of appearance. Yet, goth also allows middle cl...
A video about tattoos and how subcultures use physical marking to distinguish themselves through overt resistance This is a brief clip about the rise of subcultures which discusses how history is typically told from the viewpoint of societal elites. Studying resistant subcultures is a view of history that begins to see social life at the margins of...
Books
The Meaning of Style by Dick Hebdige (1979) Hebdige’s book focuses on the waystyle is appropriated from mainstream meanings and incorporated into new subversive styles that create semiotic resistance. He is part of the Birmingham School. Resistance Through RitualsEdited by Stuart Hall and Tony Jefferson (1976) One of the most important publications to come out of the CCCS/Birmingham School which theorized youth subculture resistance through style and ritual. The Post-Subcultures Reader by Rup...
Key Articles
Patrick Williams “The Multi-Dimensionality of Resistance in Subcultural Studies” This article reviews how sociologists frame resistance into categories of macro/micro, passive/active and overt/covert. An essential nuance that Williams adds to the literature is that these categories are not separate boxes into which resistance falls, but in a continuum. Jocelyn A. Hollander andRachel L. Einwohner “Conceptualizing Resistance“ This article notes how the use of the word resistance in sociological...
David Muggleton
David Muggleton has authored several books on subcultures from the Post Subcultural Perspective. He is the editor of the Post-subcultures Reader and Inside Subcultures: The Postmodern Meaning of Style. In his introduction to the latter book, he describes his experiences studying punk. In 1976 he describes gradually becoming involved in the punk scene by changing his clothing and musical tastes. He describes reading Hebdige’s (1979) book, Subculture: The Meaning of Style,and finds that it had...
Stuart Hall
Stuart Hall was an early leader in the field of subcultural studies. He helped to shape the Birmingham school of thought, and directed programs there for over ten years. He retains a large amount of recognition due to heavily publicized essays about the state of British society, his racial heritage, and several theories of hegemony. He created a philosophy on encoding and decoding, in which he theorized that an audience receiving a message interprets the message differently based on many fact...
Ross Haenfler
Ross Haenfler (Ph.D.)has authored several books and articles about subcultures. He gained prominence in the subcultural resistance field after writing “Rethinking Subcultural Resistance: Core Values of the Straight Edge Movement” which detailed the straight edge movement and the ways resistance is enacted within. He is now a key figure in the ageing punk scene, and continues to publish work on subcultural scenes. Page designed by Ben Grubb and Harley Boatsman
12.3 Social Change. Collective behaviour and social movements are just two of the forces driving social change, which is the change in society created through social movements as well as external factors like environmental shifts or technological innovations.
- Susan Robertson
- 2020
Apr 19, 2017 · Mona Lilja currently serves as the faculty professor in sociology at Karlstad University and as an associate professor in Peace and Development Research at the School of Global Studies, University of Gothenburg, Sweden. Lilja’s area of interest is the linkages between resistance and social change as well as the particularities—the character and emergence—of various forms of resistance.
Jul 14, 2023 · Social change refers to the transformation of culture, behavior, social institutions, and social structure over time. Social change has impacted race and ethnic relations over the course of U.S. history, often in the form of pendulum swings or simultaneous, competing social changes.
Sep 14, 2021 · An SMO is a formally organized component of a social movement, and as such it may represent only one facet of an entire movement. According to Anthony Giddens, the four domains of modern society in which social movements are active include the political sphere, the workplace, the environment, and the issue of peace.
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Mar 1, 2017 · Her published monographs include: Resisting Gendered Norms: Civil Society, the Juridical and Political Space in Cambodia and Power (2013, published by Ashgate) and Resistance and Women Politicians in Cambodia (2008, published by Nias Press). Mikael Baaz is an associate professor in peace and conflict studies and a senior lecturer in ...
