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      • Societies with rudimentary technology depend on the fluctuations of their environments, while industrialized societies have more control over the impact of their surroundings and thus develop different cultural features.
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  2. Pre-industrial refers to a time before there were machines and tools to help perform tasks en masse. Pre-industrial civilization dates back to centuries ago, but the main era known as the pre-industrial society occurred right before the industrial society.

    • Unlike all previous civilizations, modern industrial civilization is powered by an exceptionally rich, NON-renewable, and irreplaceable energy source—fossil fuels.
    • Unlike past civilizations, the economy of industrial society is capitalist. Production for profit is its prime directive and driving force.
    • Unlike past societies, industrial civilization isn’t Roman, Chinese, Egyptian, Aztec, or Mayan. Modern civilization is HUMAN, PLANETARY, and ECOCIDAL.
    • Human civilization’s collective capacity to confront its mounting crises is crippled by a fragmented political system of antagonistic nations ruled by corrupt elites who care more about power and wealth than people and the planet.
  3. Modernity is defined as a condition of social existence that is significantly different to all past forms of human experience, while modernization refers to the transitional process of moving from “traditional” or “primitive” communities to modern societies.

    • Hunter-Gatherer. Hunter-gatherer societies demonstrate the strongest dependence on the environment of the various types of preindustrial societies. As the basic structure of human society until about 10,000–12,000 years ago, these groups were based around kinship or tribes.
    • Pastoral. Changing conditions and adaptations led some societies to rely on the domestication of animals where circumstances permitted. Roughly 7,500 years ago, human societies began to recognize their ability to tame and breed animals and to grow and cultivate their own plants.
    • Horticultural. Around the same time that pastoral societies were on the rise, another type of society developed, based on the newly developed capacity for people to grow and cultivate plants.
    • Agricultural. While pastoral and horticultural societies used small, temporary tools such as digging sticks or hoes, agricultural societies relied on permanent tools for survival.
  4. May 30, 2012 · The change from agricultural to industrial civilization formed the first modernization, while the change from industrial to knowledge-based civilization was the second modernization.

  5. Dec 9, 2019 · In 1948, German-Swiss philosopher Karl Jaspers wrote that between 800 and 200 BC, the five aforementioned societies independently embraced moral universalism, or the idea that people are morally...

  6. Abstract. `Civilization' has been a contested term since its inception in the 18th century. However, after the pioneering studies of Weber and Mauss, civilizational analysis dropped from sight in major reference works.