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- The jilbab is the Indonesian version of the Islamic veil. After independence was declared in 1945, schoolgirls in Indonesia were not allowed to wear the jilbab to school – now it is increasingly becoming compulsory.
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Feb 22, 2019 · Hijab-wearing culture in Indonesia has changed over time. The hijab is becoming much more popular, so why does it remain a source of controversy?
Jul 21, 2022 · Nearly 150,000 schools in Indonesia’s 24 Muslim-majority provinces currently enforce mandatory jilbab rules, based on both local and national regulations. In some conservative Muslim areas...
Sep 17, 2017 · Siti Musdah Mulia can't remember a time when she didn't wear a hijab. Now the Islamic cleric sees it as her duty to don the head covering while in public. But the self-proclaimed feminist ...
- Samantha Hawley
- Methodology
- II. Rise of Political Islam and Sharia-Inspired Regulations Since Suharto
- III. Jilbab in Schools
- IV. Jilbab Requirements For Teachers and Other Government Workers
- V. Jilbab Requirements For visitors to Schools and Government Offices
- VI. Harassment and Pressure to Wear The Jilbab in Public Spaces
- VII. International Human Rights Standards
- VIII. Recommendations
- Acknowledgments
Human Rights Watch conducted research for this report from 2014 to January 2021, including 142 in-depth interviews with schoolgirls, their parents or guardians, female civil servants, educators, government officials, and women’s rights activists. Interviews took place on Java Island, including in the cities of Bandung, Banyuwangi, Boyolali, Cianjur...
The Aceh Precedent
In an attempt to end a longstanding separatist movement and armed conflict in the province of Aceh, the Indonesian parliament in 1999 granted “Special Status” and broad autonomy to Aceh, including allowing it to adopt ordinances derived from Sharia, the only province given authority to do so. In 2002, the Aceh parliament passed a bylaw on “the belief, ritual, and promoting Islam,” which contains a mandatory jilbab regulation along with other Sharia-inspired provisions, such as making sex betw...
Discriminatory Regulations Begin to Spread
Local governments began to issue new jilbab rules during the presidency of Megawati Sukarnoputri. On Java, Indonesia’s most populous island, the first jilbab ordinances were announced in some regencies in West Java province in 2001. One of the first areas in Sumatra other than Aceh to issue a mandatory jilbab regulation was Solok regency in West Sumatra province. Also, in 2001, Zainal Bakar of West Sumatra was the first governor to issue a mandatory jilbab decree for all female civil servants...
Proliferation of Jilbab Regulations During Yudhoyono Administration
Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono was elected president and then sworn into office in October 2004. He was reelected in 2009 and served until 2014. During his two terms in office, jilbab regulations spread throughout much of Indonesia, particularly in populous areas in Java, Sumatra, and Sulawesi. Yudhoyono’s administration repeatedly turned a blind eye to violence, threats, and intimidation by Islamist militants against religious minorities such as Christians, Hindus, Buddhists, traditional faith pra...
Indonesia has more than 297,000 state schools (sekolah negeri). They are divided into five educational categories: approximately 85,000 kindergartens; 147,000 primary schools; 37,000 junior high schools; 12,000 senior high schools; and 12,000 technical high schools.Indonesia’s Ministry of Religious Affairs also administers its own Islamic public sc...
As of 2016 (latest available official figures), Indonesia’s civil service consisted of 4.37 million workers. Approximately 70 percent were state schoolteachers, of which 49 percent were female teachers or around 1.49 million people. Most civil servants work in local government offices. Many of these female civil servants face rules or pressure from...
Politicians who impose jilbab requirements on civil servants have said that the strictures should be “an example” for how women dress when they leave their homes. Some provinces and local governments have since begun to impose jilbab requirements on women who go to these offices to access government services or for other reasons. Many local governm...
Jilbab requirements have led to harassment of women in public spaces who choose not to wear a jilbab and imposition of pressure to conform. An early example was in Bitung, an industrial area in Tangerang, Banten province, near Jakarta. In 2005, a local ordinance was adopted banning sex work.The ordinance is silent on wearing a jilbab in public. How...
Indonesia is a party to the core international human rights treaties, including the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against W...
To President Joko Widodo
1. Actively enforce the February 3, 2021 decree issued by the Ministries of Education and Culture, Home Affairs, and Religious Affairs that bans abusive, discriminatory dress codes for female students and teachers in Indonesia’s state schools. 2. Issue a public policy statement that all national and local ordinances and regulations requiring the jilbab and other female clothing are discriminatory, should not be enforced, and should be repealed. 3. Send to parliament draft legislation repealin...
To the Speaker of the House of Representatives
1. Act expeditiously to pass a draft law repealing existing provincial and local regulations that discriminate on the basis of gender, including regulations that require women and girls to wear a jilbab or other prescribed clothing, and ban any new discriminatory regulations in the future. 2. Review the 2004 Autonomy Law, some of whose articles were invalidated by the Constitutional Court in 2017, to empower the central government to reject local ordinances contradicting the constitution and...
To the Speaker of the House of Regional Representatives
1. Ask regional representatives to review the more than 700 allegedly discriminatory regulations, including on mandatory jilbab, and revoke those that are discriminatory.
The report was written by Andreas Harsono, a senior researcher at Human Rights Watch, and Tempe McMinn, a consultant. It was edited by Brad Adams, Asia director. James Ross, legal and policy director, and Joseph Saunders, deputy program director, provided legal and programmatic review, respectively. Specialist review was provided by Zama Neff, exec...
Mar 18, 2021 · Human Rights Watch describes the historical imposition of discriminatory regulations on clothing, and the widespread bullying to wear a jilbab that causes women and girls psychological distress.
Jilbab in Indonesian context means headscarf. It does not designate the long overgarment as implied in the Muslim society in other countries.
May 8, 2023 · Ethnographic research in Indonesia reveals the motives of young Muslim women in donning the hijab to be intricate, often stemming from a desire to reconcile increased dedication to Islam and the values espoused therein, reflecting a new awareness and a deepening understanding of their religious duty.
