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Sep 5, 2015 · Summary. Psychology first became an academic scientific discipline in Germany because Germany developed the modern university system that enabled Wundt and his colleagues to create an experimental psychology grounded upon the earlier success of experimental physiology.
- John D. Greenwood
- 2015
This module provides an introduction and overview of the historical development of the science and practice of psychology in America. Ever-increasing specialization within the field often makes it difficult to discern the common roots from which the field of psychology has evolved.
- Overview
- The Birth of Modern Psychology
- Important Events in the History of Modern Psychology
- Modern Psychology Today
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The history of modern psychology spans centuries, with the earliest known mention of clinical depression appearing in 1500 BCE on an ancient Egyptian manuscript known as the Ebers Papyrus. However, it wasn't until the 11th century that Persian physician Avicenna made a connection between emotions and physical responses in a practice dubbed "physiological psychology."
Some say that modern psychology was born in the 18th century, which is largely due to William Battie's "Treatise on Madness," published in 1758. Others consider the mid-19th century experiments conducted in Hermann von Helmholtz's lab to be the origin of modern psychology.
Still others suggest that modern psychology began in 1879 when Wilhelm Wundt—also known as the father of modern psychology—established the first experimental psychology lab. From that moment forward, the study of psychology would evolve, as it still does today.
19th Century
In the 19th century, psychology was established as an empirical, accepted science. While measures would change, the model of research and evaluation would begin to take shape within this 100-year time span. 1869: Sir Francis Galton establishes statistical techniques to better understand the relationship between variables such as intelligence and personality in heredity studies. 1878: G. Stanley Hall becomes the first American to earn a Ph.D. in psychology. 1879: Wilhelm Wundt establishes the first experimental psychology lab in Leipzig, Germany dedicated to the study of the mind. 1883: G. Stanley Hall opens the first experimental psychology lab in the U.S. at Johns Hopkins University. 1885: Herman Ebbinghaus publishes his seminal "Über das Gedächtnis" ("On Memory"), in which he describes learning and memory experiments he conducted on himself. 1886: Sigmund Freud begins offering talk therapy known as psychoanalysis to patients in Vienna, Austria. 1888: James McKeen Cattell becomes the first professor of psychology in the United States at the University of Pennsylvania. He would later publish "Mental Tests and Measurements," marking the advent of psychological assessment. 1890: William James publishes "Principles of Psychology," one of the most influential texts in the field of psychology. 1892: G. Stanley Hall forms the American Psychological Association (APA), enlisting 26 members in the first meeting. 1896: Lightner Witmer establishes the first psychology clinic in America and establishes guidelines for training future clinical psychologists. 1898: Edward Thorndike develops the Law of Effect, explaining how behavior is learned.
1900 to 1950
The first half of the 20th century was dominated by two major figures: Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung. During this segment of modern psychology's history, these two theorists established the foundation of analysis, including Freud's examination of the unconscious processes and psychopathology and Jung's analytic psychology. 1900: Sigmund Freud publishes his landmark book, "Interpretation of Dreams." 1901: The British Psychological Society is established. 1905: Mary Whiton Calkins is elected the first woman president of the American Psychological Association. Alfred Binet introduces the intelligence test. 1906: Ivan Pavlov publishes his findings on classical conditioning. Carl Jung publishes "The Psychology of Dementia Praecox." 1911: Edward Thorndike publishes "Animal Intelligence," which leads to the development of the theory of operant conditioning. 1912: Max Wertheimer publishes "Experimental Studies of the Perception of Movement," which leads to the development of Gestalt psychology. 1913: Carl Jung begins to depart from Freudian views and develop his own theories, which he refers to as analytical psychology. John B. Watson publishes "Psychology As the Behaviorist Views It," in which he establishes the concept of behaviorism. 1915: Freud publishes work on repression. 1920: Watson and Rosalie Rayner publish research on the classical conditioning of fear, highlighting the subject of their experiment, Little Albert. 1932: Jean Piaget becomes the foremost cognitive developmental theorist with the publication of his work "The Moral Judgment of the Child." 1935: B.F. Skinner known for his "radical behaviorism" further develops the theory of operant conditioning and researches varying schedules of reinforcement that influence the acquisition and extinction of behaviors. 1942: Carl Rogers develops the practice of client-centered therapy, which encourages respect and positive regard for patients.
1950 to 2000
The latter half of the 20th century centered around the standardization of diagnostic criteria for mental illness. The hallmark of this process was the publication of the American Psychological Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). This foundational tool is still in use in modern psychology and helps direct diagnosis and treatment. 1952: The first "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" is published. 1954: Abraham Maslow publishes "Motivation and Personality," describing his theory of a hierarchy of needs. Maslow is one of the founders of humanistic psychology. 1958: Harry Harlow publishes "The Nature of Love," which describes the importance of attachment and love in rhesus monkeys. 1961: Albert Bandura conducts his now-famous Bobo doll experiment, in which child behavior is described as a construct of observation, imitation, and modeling. 1963: Bandura first describes the concept of observational learning to explain aggression. 1967: Ulric Neisser introduces the term cognitive psychology. Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck establish a new form of talk therapy known as cognitive therapy and cognitive-behavior therapy was soon to follow. 1968: The DSM-II is published. 1974: Stanley Milgram publishes "Obedience to Authority," which describes the findings of his famous obedience experiments. 1980: The DSM-III is published. 1990: Noam Chomsky publishes "On the Nature, Use, and Acquisition of Language." 1991: Steven Pinker publishes an article introducing his theories as to how children acquire language, which he later publishes in the book "The Language Instinct." 1994: The DSM-IV is published.
Thanks to the contributions of the many experts along the way, the field of modern psychology has expanded into multiple subdivisions or specializations. Some of the numerous branches in modern psychology as it stands right now are:
•Abnormal psychology: Psychopathology and abnormal behavior
•Behavioral psychology: How behaviors are developed
•Clinical psychology: Assessment and treatment of mental disorders
•Cognitive psychology: How we think
•Counseling psychology: Treating clients in mental distress
In this section we will review the history of psychology with a focus on the important questions that psychologists ask and the major approaches (or schools) of psychological inquiry.
1891 – Frank Angell founded the United States' 12th experimental psychology laboratory at the Cornell University. 1891 – Edvard Westermarck described the Westermarck effect , where people raised early in life in close domestic proximity later become desensitized to close sexual attraction, raising theories about the incest taboo.
Nov 29, 2022 · During the 1950s and 1960s, a movement known as the cognitive revolution began to take hold in psychology. During this time, cognitive psychology began to replace psychoanalysis and behaviorism as the dominant approach to the study of psychology.
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Psychology is a relatively young science with its experimental roots in the 19th century, compared, for example, to human physiology, which dates much earlier. As mentioned, anyone interested in exploring issues related to the mind generally did so in a philosophical context prior to the 19th century. Two men, working in the 19th century, are ...
