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Conflict escalation is characterized by processes of circular interaction that “lead to the growth and restructuring of the parties, generating new reasons and pretexts for applying additional means, thus leading to an expansion and fundamentalization of the content of the conflict” (Eckert & Willems, 2003, p. 1183).
- Method
- Selling Prices
- Time Spent on Unsolvable Word-Strings
- Discussion
Participants
Ninety-one undergraduates from the University of Maryland participated in the experiment in exchange for partial course credit and the opportunity to receive either a chocolate bar or a monetary payment.
Design and Procedure
Prior to taking the experiment, participants learned that they could win a large chocolate bar (100 g., big prize) if they solved enough anagrams displayed on a computer; otherwise they only received a small chocolate bar (35 g., consolation prize). Participants were then randomly assigned to either the Proximate or Distant condition, the difference being that those in the Proximate condition were informed that they needed to solve 20 anagrams to win the large chocolate bar, whereas those in...
Results
The difference in the positive and negative affect scores of participants was not significant with regard to the Proximate and Distant conditions, nor did this affect the participants’ selling prices or time spent on solving anagrams. The PANAS scores were not examined further. Nine participants chose not sell their chocolate bars to the experimenter, which consisted of five from the Distant and four from the Proximate condition. The small sample size prevented any conventional statistical te...
The average selling price for the large prize (M = $3.84, SE = .26) was above that of the consolation prize (M = $2.22, SE = .17). Most important, the difference in the selling price between the big and consolation prize was $1.29 (SE = .17) in the Distant condition, but increased to 1.94 (SE = .26) in the Proximate condition, F(1, 79) = 4.40, p < ...
An analysis of covariance showed that the sunk cost did not significantly predict the time that participants spent on the unsolvable anagrams when the distance from the goal was included in the regression, which is consistent with our contention that the sunk cost plays no role in individuals’ tendencies to irrationally escalate after accounting fo...
Results support the proposition that the tendency to escalate irrationally is related to the price differential between the goal and the item unrelated to the goal, and that proximity to the goal exacerbates the perceived value gap between the two items. Participants spent more time on the unsolvable anagrams in the Proximate compared to the Distan...
- Hsuchi Ting
- hting@andrew.cmu.edu
- 2011
The present research examined the reputational causes and consequences of escalating commitment to failing courses of action. Three key facts emerged. First, Observers trust decision makers who escalate commitment, even in the face of a potentially failing course of action. Specifically, Observers attribute higher integrity-based and ...
- 10.1037/xge0001101
- 2022/04
that provide a better understanding of escalating response se quences. Thtoretical Frameworkfor Understanding Behav ioral EscaiDtion Behavioral escalation can be comprehended from the perspec tive of two interrelated theories of human behavior. thai is. the matching law and stimulus control. Theories of Human Behavior Matching Law
Feb 5, 2018 · In four experiments, we demonstrated that people facing escalation-decision situations were indeed action oriented and that framing escalation as action and de-escalation as inaction resulted in a stronger tendency to escalate than framing de-escalation as action and escalation as inaction (mini-meta-analysis effect d = 0.37, 95% confidence interval = [0.21, 0.53]).
- Gilad Feldman, Kin Fai Ellick Wong
- 10.1177/0956797617739368
- 2018
- Psychol Sci. 2018 Apr; 29(4): 537-548.
Before the emergence of the CAR approach, research and theorizing about de-escalation were relatively neglected topics. Now there is considerable work on the factors and processes that contribute to de-escalation, conflict settlement, and, particularly, negotiating agreements.
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Conflict is by definition a personal and subjective experience, as each individual can perceive and manage the same conflict in a different manner. Conflict doesn’t necessarily have an objective basis (Van de Vliert, 1997). It depends on the perception of the specific situation, and the perception is by definition subjective and personal.
