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3 days ago · The crusades were religious wars that the Christian Latin church initiated, supported, and sometimes directed in the Middle Ages. The members of the church defined this movement in legal and theological terms that were based on the concepts of holy war and pilgrimage.
4 days ago · The Crusades: The Essential Readings. Oxford, Blackwell, 2002, ISBN: 9780631230236; 283pp.; Price: £22.99. This collection is a new addition to Blackwell’s 'Essential Readings in History' series, which reprints important academic articles on historical topics.
4 days ago · The purpose of The Debate on the Crusades is to provide an overview of how the crusades have been interpreted by successive generations of western European (and, latterly, North American) historical commentators since the time of the First Crusade.
4 days ago · The Pecheneg invasion of Byzantium, which began in 1046-47, the Byzantine defeat by the Seljuks at the battle of Mantzikert in 1171, and internal political instability after 1025 opened the way for the occupation of Asia Minor by Turkish warlords and the Norman invasion of the empire in 1081.
3 days ago · Europe in 1097, as the First Crusade to the Holy Land commences. In 1054, the East–West Schism occurred between the two remaining Christian seats in Rome and Constantinople (modern Istanbul).
2 days ago · The German and Scandinavian rulers' expansion against the neighbouring pagan tribes developed into the Northern Crusades, forcing the assimilation of a number of Slavic, Baltic and Finnic peoples into the culture of Catholic Europe.
5 days ago · When in 1840 the British, the Austrians, and the Russians came to the aid of the Ottomans, the Egyptians were forced to withdraw, and Palestine reverted to the Ottoman Empire. Increased European interest, however, led the powers to establish consulates in Jerusalem and in Palestine’s port cities.
