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- Those who confessed received a punishment ranging from a pilgrimage to a whipping. Those accused of heresy were forced to testify. If the heretic did not confess, torture and execution were inescapable. Heretics weren’t allowed to face accusers, received no counsel and were often victims of false accusations.
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The Inquisitors kept the accusations made and the evidence they possessed hidden, in order to achieve a confession without announcing the accusation. [179] The main goal was to make the defendant confess.
- Catharists
- The Job of Inquisitors
- Conversos
- Torquemada
- Spanish Inquisition
- Inquisitors General
- Roman Inquisition
- Inquisition in The New World
- End of The Spanish Inquisition
- Sources
The Inquisition has its origins in the early organized persecution of non-Catholic Christian religions in Europe. In 1184 Pope Lucius III sent bishops to southern France to track down heretics called Catharists. These efforts continued into the 14th Century. During the same period, the church also pursued the Waldensians in Germany and Northern Ita...
Inquisitors would arrive in a town and announce their presence, giving citizens a chance to admit to heresy. Those who confessed received a punishment ranging from a pilgrimage to a whipping. Those accused of heresy were forced to testify. If the heretic did not confess, torture and execution were inescapable. Heretics weren’t allowed to face accus...
In the late 15th Century, King Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella of Spain believed corruption in the Spanish Catholic Church was caused by Jews who, to survive centuries of anti-Semitism, converted to Christianity. Known as Conversos, they were viewed with suspicion by old powerful Christian families. Conversos were blamed for a plague and accused of...
In 1478, under the influence of clergyman Tomas de Torquemada, the monarchs created the Tribunal of Castile to investigate heresy among Conversos. The effort focused on stronger Catholic education for Conversos, but by 1480, the Inquisition was formed. That same year, Jews in Castile were forced into ghettos separated from Christians, and the Inqui...
Hearing the complaints of Conversos who had fled to Rome, Pope Sixtus proclaimed the Spanish Inquisition was too harsh and was wrongly accusing Conversos. In 1482 Sixtus appointed a council to take command of the Inquisition. Torquemada was named Inquisitor General and established courts across Spain. Torture became systemized and routinely used to...
Diego de Deza took over as Inquisitor General, escalating the hunt for heresy within cities and rounding up scores of accused heretics, including members of the nobility and local governments. Some were able to bribe their way out of imprisonment and death, reflecting the level of corruption under de Deza. After Isabella’s death in 1504, Ferdinand ...
Rome renewed its own Inquisition in 1542 when Pope Paul III created the Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Roman and Universal Inquisition to combat Protestant heresy. This Inquisition is best known for putting Galileoon trial in 1633. In 1545, the Spanish Index was created, a list of European books considered heretical and forbidden in Spain, base...
As Spain expanded into the Americas, so did the Inquisition, established in Mexicoin 1570. In 1574, Lutherans were burned at the stake there, and the Inquisition came to Peru, where Protestants were likewise tortured and burned alive. In 1580 Spain and Portugal ruled jointly by the Spanish crownand began rounding up and slaughtering Jews that had f...
In 1808, Napoleonconquered Spain and ordered the Inquisition there to be abolished. After Napoleon’s defeat in 1814, Ferdinand VII worked to reinstate the Inquisition but was ultimately prevented by the French government, which helped Ferdinand overcome a fierce rebellion. Part of the agreement with France was to dismantle the Inquisition, which wa...
God’s Jury: The Inquisition and the Making of the Modern World. Cullen Murphy. Inquisito. University of Notre Dame. The Spanish Inquisition. Cecil Roth.
Jan 23, 2012 · When Inquisitors needed a confession, they could elevate their interrogations to include torture. "The basic line here was, 'Has this person confessed or not?' " says Cullen.
Inquisitors needed to extract a confession because they believed it was their duty to bring the accused back to the faith. A true confession resulted in the accused being forgiven, but he was usually still forced to absolve himself by performing penances, such as pilgrimages or wearing multiple, heavy crosses.
- Shanna Freeman
Sep 13, 2024 · When the Inquisition opened an investigation in an area, inquisitors typically would offer comparatively light penances to those who were willing to admit their own involvement in heresy. Those confessions were used to identify other “heretics,” who were brought before a tribunal.
- Edward A. Ryan
- Thousands were burned at the stake under Torquemada, the most notorious of the grand inquisitors, and tens of thousands were killed during the forc...
- The Spanish queen regent María Cristina de Borbón issued a decree abolishing the Spanish Inquisition on July 15, 1834. The papal Inquisition—founde...
- Pope Lucius III declared the first inquisition in 1184, nearly 300 years before the creation of the Spanish Inquisition, and the use of torture was...
Nov 20, 2023 · Torture was commonly used to extract confessions from defendants. Inquisitors justified this practice by claiming that it could help save the souls of heretics by leading them to repentance. Forms of torture included questioning (water torture), torture by fire, and other methods intended to cause severe pain. Inquisitorial trial:
Throughout, inquisitors displayed caution in drawing a line between interrogational torture, designed to unmask heretics and expose their communities, and alternative forms of torture that would not have served this purpose, such as penal or confessional torture.
