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Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET)
- The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) was the first wide-area packet-switched network with distributed control and one of the first computer networks to implement the TCP/IP protocol suite. Both technologies became the technical foundation of the Internet.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET
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The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) was the first wide-area packet-switched network with distributed control and one of the first computer networks to implement the TCP/IP protocol suite. Both technologies became the technical foundation of the Internet.
Jun 3, 2022 · History of TCP/IP The work on TCP and IP dates back to the 1970s. Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn submitted the first-ever paper on the internet, titled “A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication.” at the IEEE Transactions on Communications conference in 1974.
NASA developed the TCP/IP based NASA Science Network (NSN) in the mid-1980s, connecting space scientists to data and information stored anywhere in the world. In 1989, the DECnet -based Space Physics Analysis Network (SPAN) and the TCP/IP-based NASA Science Network (NSN) were brought together at NASA Ames Research Center creating the first multiprotocol wide area network called the NASA ...
Nov 2, 2018 · American computer scientists who developed TCP/IP, the set of protocols that governs how data moves through a network, which helped the ARPANET evolve into the internet we use today. Cerf is also credited with the first written use of the word ‘internet’.
- Overview
- Roots of a network
ARPANET, experimental computer network that was the forerunner of the Internet. The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), an arm of the U.S. Defense Department, funded the development of the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) in the late 1960s. Its initial purpose was to link computers at Pentagon-funded research institutions over telephone lines.
At the height of the Cold War, military commanders were seeking a computer communications system without a central core, with no headquarters or base of operations that could be attacked and destroyed by enemies thus blacking out the entire network in one fell swoop. ARPANET’s purpose was always more academic than military, but, as more academic facilities connected to it, the network did take on the tentacle-like structure military officials had envisioned. The Internet essentially retains that form, although on a much larger scale.
ARPANET was an end-product of a decade of computer-communications developments spurred by military concerns that the Soviets might use their jet bombers to launch surprise nuclear attacks against the United States. By the 1960s, a system called SAGE (Semi-Automatic Ground Environment) had already been built and was using computers to track incoming enemy aircraft and to coordinate military response. The system included 23 “direction centers,” each with a massive mainframe computer that could track 400 planes, distinguishing friendly aircraft from enemy bombers. The system required six years and $61 billion to implement.
The system’s name hints at its importance, as author John Naughton points out. The system was only “semi-automatic,” so human interaction was pivotal. For Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider, who would became the first director of ARPA’s Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO), the SAGE network demonstrated above all else the enormous power of interactive computing—or, as he referred to it in a seminal 1960 essay, of “man-computer symbiosis.” In his essay, one of the most important in the history of computing, Licklider posited the then-radical belief that a marriage of the human mind with the computer would eventually result in better decision-making.
In 1962, Licklider joined ARPA. According to Naughton, his brief two-year stint at the organization seeded everything that was to follow. His tenure signaled the demilitarization of ARPA; it was Licklider who changed the name of his office from Command and Control Research to IPTO. “Lick,” as he insisted on being called, brought to the project an emphasis on interactive computing and the prevalent utopian conviction that humans teamed with computers could create a better world.
Perhaps in part because of Cold War fears, during Licklider’s IPTO tenure, it is estimated that 70 percent of all U.S. computer-science research was funded by ARPA. But many of those involved said that the agency was far from being a restrictive militaristic environment and that it gave them free rein to try out radical ideas. As a result, ARPA was the birthplace not only of computer networks and the Internet but also of computer graphics, parallel processing, computer flight simulation, and other key achievements.
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- Kevin Featherly
On Jan. 1, 1983, TCP/IP replaced NCP as the underlying packet-switching technology of ARPANET. Also, in 1983, ARPANET was divided into two networks between military and civilian use. The word internet was first used to describe the combination of these two networks.
At 10:30 pm on October 29th 1969, two computers connected and launched the world's first packet-switched wide area computer network: the ARPANET. The first message on the ARPANET was sent by UCLA student programmer Charles S Kline.
