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Mid 13th century
- By the mid 13th century the cross became the major descriptor of the crusades with crux transmarina —"the cross overseas"—used for crusades in the eastern Mediterranean, and crux cismarina —"the cross this side of the sea"—for those in Europe. [ 5 ]
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades
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Sep 9, 2024 · Between 1095, when the First Crusade was launched, and 1291, when the Latin Christians were finally expelled from their kingdom in Syria, there were numerous expeditions to the Holy Land, to Spain, and even to the Baltic; the Crusades continued for several centuries after 1291.
- The Crusader States
Crusades - Holy War, Kingdoms, Reconquista: A successful...
- The Fifth Crusade
Crusades - Holy Land, Egypt, Jerusalem: Pope Innocent III...
- The Crusade of Frederick II
The treaty of 1229 is unique in the history of the Crusades....
- Crusade as Metaphor
Crusades - Religious Wars, Medieval Europe, Metaphor: One...
- The Third Crusade
Crusades - Saladin, Richard I, Jerusalem: Philip II Augustus...
- The Crusader States
By the mid 13th century the cross became the major descriptor of the crusades with crux transmarina —"the cross overseas"—used for crusades in the eastern Mediterranean, and crux cismarina —"the cross this side of the sea"—for those in Europe. [5]
- The Crusades to The Holy Land
- The Iberian Crusades
- The Northern Crusades
- Crusades Against Christians
- End Notes
As Riley-Smith has argued, following the “birth” of the crusading movement and the First Crusade, the history of the crusades to the Holy Land can be organized into several discrete phases. The first of these, c. 1102-87, he describes as that of “crusading in adolescence”. During this phase, the Church and crusader principalities were forced decisi...
The pre-history of the Iberian Crusades can be traced to the disintegration of Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba in 1031 and the subsequent emergence of a constellation of weak successor kingdoms – Badajoz, Seville, Grenada, Málaga, Toledo, Valencia, Denia, the Balearic Islands, Zaragosa and Lérida – known as taifas. Locked in intense internecine compet...
As Peter Lock has characterized them, the Northern Crusades were conducted in five partly overlapping phases: the Wendish Crusades (1147-85), the Livonian and Estonian Crusades (1198-1290), the Prussian Crusades (1230-83), the Lithuanian Crusades (1280-1435), and the Novgorod Crusades (1243-15th century). While authorized by, and fought on behalf o...
Thus far, we have looked at three expressions of religious war along Latin Christendom’s long frontier with the non-Christian world: the crusades to the Holy Land, those in Iberia and those taking place along the Baltic coastline. The final expression or form of religious war, however, was not directed outward against Muslims or pagans, but inward ...
Given the focus of the existing constructivist literature on the crusades, Appendix 1 provides an account of these religious wars organized around the framework developed here. Para-crusaders, or milites ad terminum, served for a fixed amount of time as an act of devotion. See Riley-Smith, The Crusades: A History, 103. Key contemporary secondary so...
The First Crusade was called by Pope Urban II in 1095 and resulted in the capture of Jerusalem by Christian forces in 1099. This marked the beginning of a series of military campaigns known as the Crusades, with the goal of regaining control of the Holy Land from Muslim rule.
Oct 12, 2018 · The Crusades were a series of military campaigns organised by popes and Christian western powers to take Jerusalem and the Holy Land back from Muslim control and then defend those gains. There were eight major official crusades between 1095 and 1270, as well as many more unofficial ones.
- Mark Cartwright
- The Crusades affected Europe in that great wealth was invested in these wars and many of the ruling class died in them. Military orders were create...
- The three main causes of the crusades were: The Byzantine emperors wanted military help from Europe, the Popes wanted more power and prestige, and...
- The beginning of the Crusades was proclaimed by Pope Urban II.
By the mid-13th century the cross became the major descriptor of the crusades with crux transmarina —"the cross overseas"—used for crusades across the Mediterranean Sea, and crux cismarina —"the cross this side of the sea"—for those in Europe.
Jul 4, 2018 · The Crusades were a series of military campaigns organised by Christian powers in order to retake Jerusalem and the Holy Land back from Muslim control. There would be eight officially sanctioned crusades between 1095 CE and 1270 CE and many more unofficial ones.
