Search results
Gamal Al Din Muhammad Hosni Sayed Mubarak (Arabic: جمال الدين محمد حسنى سيد مبارك, Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [ɡæˈmæːl edˈdiːn mæˈħæmmæd ˈħosni ˈsæjjed moˈbɑːɾɑk]; born 27 December 1963) is the younger of the two sons of former Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak and former First Lady Suzanne Mubarak.
Jan 25, 2013 · Two years ago the uprising that overthrew Egypt's autocratic President Hosni Mubarak began. He ruled for 30 years and his political legacy continues to shape what Egypt is currently going through.
Mubarak said on 1 February 2011 that he had no intention of standing in the 2011 presidential election. When this declaration failed to ease the protests, Mubarak's vice president stated that Gamal Mubarak would not run for president.
- Overview
- Background
- Key events in Egypt: 1952 to January 25, 2011
- Upheaval in Egypt, 2011
Beginning in December 2010, unprecedented mass demonstrations against poverty, corruption, and political repression broke out in several Arab countries, challenging the authority of some of the most entrenched regimes in the Middle East and North Africa. Such was the case in Egypt, where in 2011 a popular uprising forced one of the region’s longest-serving and most influential leaders, Pres. Ḥosnī Mubārak, from power.
The first demonstrations occurred in Tunisia in December 2010, triggered by the self-immolation of a young man frustrated by Tunisia’s high unemployment rate and rampant police corruption. Rallies calling for Pres. Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali to step down spread throughout the country, with police often resorting to violence to control the crowds. As clashes between police and protesters escalated, Ben Ali announced a series of economic and political reforms in an unsuccessful attempt to end the unrest. Demonstrations continued, forcing Ben Ali to flee the country. The apparent success of the popular uprising in Tunisia, by then dubbed the Jasmine Revolution, inspired similar movements in other countries, including Egypt, Yemen, and Libya. (See also Libya Revolt of 2011.)
In Egypt, demonstrations organized by youth groups, largely independent of Egypt’s established opposition parties, took hold in the capital and in cities around the country. Protesters called for Mubārak to step down immediately, clearing the way for free elections and democracy. As the demonstrations gathered strength, the Mubārak regime resorted to increasingly violent tactics against protesters, resulting in hundreds of injuries and deaths. Mubārak’s attempts to placate the protesters with concessions, including a pledge to step down at the end of his term in 2011 and naming Omar Suleiman as vice president—the first person to serve as such in Mubārak’s nearly three-decade presidency—did little to quell the unrest. After almost three weeks of mass protests in Egypt, Mubārak stepped down as president, leaving the Egyptian military in control of the country.
Although protesters in Egypt focused most of their anger on domestic issues such as poverty and government oppression, many observers noted that political change in Egypt could impact the country’s foreign affairs, affecting long-standing policies. Central elements of Egypt’s foreign policy under Mubārak and his predecessor as president, Anwar el-Sādāt, such as Egypt’s political-military alignment with the United States and the 1979 Egypt-Israel peace treaty, embraced by Egypt’s leaders but unpopular with the Egyptian public, could be weakened or rejected under a new regime.
Additional information on Egypt can be found in the following articles:
Are you a student? Get Britannica Premium for only 24.95 - a 67% discount!
Learn More
•Egypt
•1952
•Angered by the continuing domination of Egyptian affairs by former colonial ruler Great Britain and by economic inequalities in Egypt, a group of junior Egyptian military officers calling themselves the Free Officers stages a coup, forcing King Farouk into exile. Following the coup, Egypt is governed by the Revolutionary Command Council, a newly formed executive body led by a figurehead president, Gen. Muḥammad Naguib. The RCC institutes popular reforms including a land reform law that redistributes land held by Egypt’s elite.
•1954
•Gamal Abdel Nasser, a leader of the Free Officers, prevails in a power struggle with Naguib and becomes head of Egypt’s military government.
•1955
•Egypt, eager to modernize its military, purchases Soviet weaponry through Czechoslovakia. The arms deal undermines efforts by Britain and the United States to limit Soviet influence in the Middle East.
•January 17, 2011
•An Egyptian man sets fire to himself outside the parliament building in Cairo to protest government repression. Several more Egyptians stage similar protests in apparent emulation of Mohammed Bouazizi’s suicide protest in Tunisia.
•January 25, 2011
•Thousands gather in Cairo and several other Egyptian cities to demonstrate against poverty and political repression. Protesters chanting anti-Mubārak slogans clash with police, who use water cannons and tear gas against the crowds.
•January 27, 2011
•As clashes continue, Mohamed ElBaradei, former head of the International Atomic Energy Agency and a prominent critic of the Mubārak regime, arrives in Cairo to participate in demonstrations.
- The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
- Arab Republic of Egypt
- 386,874 square miles (1,002,000 sq km)
- 84,474,000
Mubarak's younger son, Gamal Mubarak, was rumoured in 2000 to succeed his father as the next president of Egypt. [49] Gamal began receiving attention from the Egyptian media, since there were apparently no other heirs to the presidency. [ 50 ]
May 18, 2022 · CAIRO (AP) — The son of Egypt’s former president said Tuesday that he and family members were innocent of corruption charges made in international courts after the country’s 2011 popular uprising, after courts last month in Switzerland and the European Union ruled in the family’s favor.
Dec 21, 2016 · It is almost six years since Egyptians toppled the former president after three decades and the country is back to square one. The wall of fear that was so dramatically shattered is back up ...
