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In ancient Roman warfare, the testudo or tortoise formation was a type of shield wall formation commonly used by the Roman legions during battles, particularly when they were the attacking force during sieges. [1]
It consisted of creating a compact rectangular formation in which legionaries (usually 27) from the first row and sides of the formation held their shields vertically in front of them or from their exposed side, while legionaries from the inner ranks held their shields horizontally above each other and over the legionaries of the first and side ...
- Aim
- Sample
- Method
- Stage 1: Modeling
- Stage 2: Aggression Arousal
- Stage 3: Test For Delayed Imitation
- Results
- Conclusion
- Evaluation
Bandura (1961) conducted a controlled experiment study to investigate if social behaviors (i.e., aggression) can be acquired by observation and imitation.
Bandura, Ross, and Ross (1961) tested 36 boys and 36 girls from the Stanford University Nursery School aged between 3 to 6 years old. The researchers pre-tested the children for how aggressive they were by observing the children in the nursery and judged their aggressive behavior on four 5-point rating scales. It was then possible to match the chil...
A lab experimentwas used, in which the independent variable (the type of model) was manipulated in three conditions: 1. Aggressive model is shown to 24 children 2. Non-aggressive model is shown to 24 children 3. No model is shown (control condition) – 24 children
In the experimental conditions, children were individually shown into a room containing toys and played with some potato prints and pictures in a corner for 10 minutes while either: 1. 24 children (12 boys and 12 girls) watched a male or female model behaving aggressively towards a toy called a “Bobo doll”. The adults attacked the Bobo doll in a di...
All the children (including the control group) were subjected to “mild aggression arousal.” Each child was (separately) taken to a room with relatively attractive toys. As soon as the child started to play with the toys, the experimenter told the child that these were the experimenter’s very best toys and she had decided to reserve them for the oth...
The next room contained some aggressive toys and some non-aggressive toys. The non-aggressive toys included a tea set, crayons, three bears and plastic farm animals. The aggressive toys included a...The child was in the room for 20 minutes, and their behavior was observed and rated though a one-way mirror. Observations were made at 5-second intervals, therefore, giving 240 response units for e...Other behaviors that didn’t imitate that of the model were also recorded e.g., punching the Bobo doll on the nose.Children who observed the aggressive model made far more imitative aggressive responses than those who were in the non-aggressive or control groups.There was more partial and non-imitative aggression among those children who had observed aggressive behavior, although the difference for non-imitative aggression was small.The girls in the aggressive model condition also showed more physically aggressive responses if the model was male, but more verbally aggressive responses if the model was female. However, the exce...Boys were more likely to imitate same-sex models than girls. The evidence for girls imitating same-sex models is not strong.Bobo doll experiment demonstrated that children are able to learn social behavior such as aggression through the process of observation learning, through watching the behavior of another person. The findings support Bandura’s (1977) Social Learning Theory. This study has important implications for the effects of media violence on children.
There are three main advantages of the experimental method. 1. Experiments are the only means by which cause and effect can be established. Thus, it could be demonstrated that the model did have an effect on the child’s subsequent behavior because all variables other than the independent variable are controlled. 2. It allows for precise control of ...
May 11, 2018 · testudo in ancient Rome, a screen on wheels and with an arched roof, used to protect besieging troops; a protective screen formed by a body of troops holding their shields above their heads in such a way that the shields overlap.
In ancient Roman warfare, the testudo or "tortoise formation" was a type of shield wall formation commonly used by the Roman legions during battles, particularly sieges. In the testudo formation, the men would align their shields to form a packed formation covered with shields on the front and top.
1 day ago · Harris did not grow up in any of the palatial homes pictured in memes about her time in Westmount. She lived in the upper-floor of a duplex rented by her mother. Despite its old-money connotations ...
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Jul 14, 2019 · Romans used the testudo formation to protect themselves from the enemy’s fire. The legionaries resembled a turtle-covered shell – hence the name. It was a compact rectangular formation in which the legionaries (usually 27) from the first row and the sides of the formation held the shields in front of them or from the side of their exposed ...
