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Tiongkok atau China (Hanzi: 中国; Pinyin: Zhōngguó), dengan nama resmi Republik Rakyat Tiongkok (RRT) atau Republik Rakyat Cina (RRC), adalah sebuah negara yang terletak di Asia Timur yang beribu kota di Beijing Negara ini memiliki jumlah penduduk terbanyak di dunia (sekitar 1,4 milyar jiwa) dan luas wilayah 9,69 juta kilometer persegi ...
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. With a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the world's second-most populous country after India, representing 17.4% of the world population. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and borders fourteen countries by land.
- History
- Structural Revision
- Consolidation of Research and Development Agencies Within Brin
- Organization
- Reaction
- Criticisms
Formation
On 17 April 2018, Presidential Decree No. 38/2018 regarding the National Research Main Framework of 2017–2045 was signed by President Joko Widodo. The decree is intended to outline the national research policies and priorities for comprehensive sustainable development. Before BRIN existed, government research and development activities were scattered throughout various ministries and government institutes and were mostly pursuing short term outcomes. Not only that, research and development ma...
Establishment as Indonesia's sole National Research Agency
On 5 May 2021, Joko Widodo signed Presidential Decree No. 33/2021, effectively establishing BRIN as the sole national research agency and decreeing that all Indonesian national research agencies—such as the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), the Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology[id] (BPPT), the National Nuclear Energy Agency of Indonesia[id] (BATAN), and the National Institute of Aeronautics and Space (LAPAN)—be subsumed into BRIN. As expected, BRIN was no longer p...
BRIN's research and development consolidation plans
On 9 June 2021, the chairman of BRIN, Laksana Tri Handoko, announced a plan for BRIN to become expanded and integrated with the ministerial research and development divisions. The plan was not something new, as the issue already existed in 2018, with the Law of National System of Sciences and Technology discussed in the parliament. In April 2021, President Widodo intended that in the future, the work of the national research and development activities would be consolidated within BRIN, to pre...
Presidential Decree No. 33/2021 clashed with existing laws, and scientists and lawmakers called for a revision of the constituting document. The biggest issues were clashes between Law No. 10/1997 (Nuclear Power) and Law No. 21/2013 (Law of Space), by which BATAN and LAPAN, respectively, were created, not through Presidential Decrees, such as creat...
In an attempt to consolidate state research activities under BRIN, the Indonesian government changed several ministries affected by the reform. Some ministries, which did not want to lose their R&D institutions to BRIN, due to R&D being vital for decision making were made to rescale their R&D operations, while also contributing part of their unit a...
Presidential Decree No. 78/2021 overhauled and expanded the administrative structure of BRIN. The decree altered the BRIN Steering Committee and increased the Research Organizations of BRIN from the original 4 to 7, but less than the 11 originally planned. The Deputies structures was also altered to not be based on fields of expertise as before. On...
BRIN's formation was welcomed by many scientists, and politicians,who praised its being a separate, independent agency that reports directly to the president. However, there were fears that BRIN might become a political tool that would create a conflict of interest. BRIN's existence is closely tied to ex-president Megawati, and there was a rumor th...
Potential conflicts of interest
While it was desired by Indonesia's scientific community, the formation of BRIN was criticized due to its being coordinated with and sharing the same Steering Committee with BPIP. Critics are afraid that in doing so, BRIN becomes politicized and vulnerable to government intervention, which would threaten scientific freedom. This controversy arose largely because Megawati, a member of the BRIN steering committee, is also a political party leader. The opposition Prosperous Justice Party also la...
Liquidation strategy
The current status of BRIN, and its expansion by "eating" older existing research agencies, was also criticized. Azyumardi Azra, an Indonesian Islamic scholar, lamented the agency's merging strategy that was expected to take place over a very short period of time. Such process would be very, and even if it is succeeded, the resulting organization would become so massive. BRIN's merger strategy would undermine the National System of Sciences and Technology outlined by Law No. 11/2019, which la...
BRIDA formation
Not only the formation of BRIN, the formation of BRIDA offices across Indonesia was also difficult, largely because regional and local research and development agencies had been so long neglected, lacking resources, with their researches limited by regional and local policy making and lack of innovation.
The names of China include the many contemporary and historical designations given in various languages for the East Asian country known as Zhōngguó (中国; 中國; 'Central state', 'Middle kingdom') in Standard Chinese, a form based on the Beijing dialect of Mandarin.
Kata "mandarin" dalam bahasa Indonesia sendiri diserap dari bahasa Inggris yang mendeskripsikan bahasa Tionghoa juga sebagai bahasa Mandarin. Namun sebenarnya, kata "Mandarin" ini diserap bahasa Inggris dari Portugis mandarim, yang berasal dari Melayu [ˈməntəri] menteri.
Berbagai gereja kongregasional, Reformed dan Presbiterian, yang memandang Calvin sebagai ekspositor utama keyakinan mereka, ... Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ...
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Bahasa resmi Hong Kong secara de facto adalah Kanton, bahasa Mandarin dari provinsi Guangdong. Bahasa Inggris juga merupakan bahasa utama, menurut sensus 1996 diperkirakan dipakai oleh 3,1% penduduk sebagai penutur sehari-hari dan 34,9% sebagai bahasa kedua. Tanda bertuliskan Mandarin dan Inggris umum di semua kawasan.
