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Study U.S. History online free by downloading OpenStax's United States History textbook and using our accompanying online resources.
The text provides a balanced approach to U.S. history, considering the people, events, and ideas that have shaped the United States from both the top down (politics, economics, diplomacy) and bottom up (eyewitness accounts, lived experience).
1.5.1. Explain the early settlement and founding of Washington, DC. nown today as Washington, DC. The original inhabitants were an Algonquin people known as the Nacotchtank who lived in the area bef. re English explorers arrived. Their main settlement was on the easter. bank of the Anacostia River. The Nacotchtank were associated with the mo.
Nov 17, 2023 · There are plenty of opportunities to tell original stories about the history of the District of Columbia. Academic and community historians alike have been active in writing books and articles, preserving documentation, and using digital platforms to explore aspects of Washington history.
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- Mockingbird Song: Ecological Landscapes of the South
and women with little active interest in a new life in America were often induced to make the move to the New World by the skillful per-suasion of promoters. William Penn, for example, publicized the oppor-tunities awaiting newcomers to the Pennsylvania colony . Judges and prison authorities offered convicts a chance to migrate to colonies like Geo...
pueblos and dramatic cliff towns, set amid the stark, rugged me-sas and canyons of Colorado and New Mexico, mark the settlements of some of the earliest inhabitants of North America, the Anasazi (a Navajo word meaning “ancient ones”). By 500 A.D. the Anasazi had established some of the first villages in the American Southwest, where they hunted and...
northeastern New England colonies had generally thin, stony soil, relatively little level land, and long winters, making it difficult to make a living from farming. Turn-ing to other pursuits, the New Eng-landers harnessed waterpower and established grain mills and saw-mills . Good stands of timber en-couraged shipbuilding . Excellent harbors promo...
A general tax measure sparked the greatest organized resistance . Known as the “Stamp Act,” it re-quired all newspapers, broadsides, pamphlets, licenses, leases, and oth-er legal documents to bear revenue stamps . The proceeds, collected by American customs agents, would be used for “defending, protecting, and securing” the colonies. Bearing equall...
issue thus drawn centered on the question of representation. The colonists believed they could not be represented unless they actually elected members to the House of Commons. But this idea conflicted with the English principle of “virtual representation,” according to which each member of Parliament rep-resented the interests of the whole country ...
responded with new laws that the colonists called the not “Coercive” or “Intolerable Acts.” The only by the loss of the tea trade but also by the monopolistic practice in-volved, colonial traders joined the radicals agitating for independence. In ports up and down the At-lantic coast, agents of the East In-dia Company were forced to resign. New shi...
American Revolution had a significance far beyond the North American continent. It attracted the attention of a political intelligentsia throughout the European continent. Idealistic notables such as Thaddeus Kosciusko, Friedrich von Steuben, and the Marquis de Lafayette joined its ranks to affirm liberal ideas they hoped to transfer to their own n...
18th-century statesmen who met in Philadelphia were adherents of Montesquieu’s concept of the balance of power in politics . This principle was supported by colo-nial experience and strengthened by the writings of John Locke, with which most of the delegates were fa-miliar. These influences led to the conviction that three equal and co-ordinate bra...
A conflict took shape in the 1790s between America’s first political parties . Indeed, the Federalists, led by Alexander Hamilton, and the Republicans (also called Demo-cratic-Republicans), led by Thomas Jefferson, were the first political parties in the Western world . Un-like loose political groupings in the British House of Commons or in the Ame...
of Jefferson’s acts doubled the area of the country. At the end of the Seven Years’ War, France had ceded its territory west of the Mississippi River to Spain . Access to the port of New Orleans near its mouth was vital for the shipment of American products from the Ohio and Missis-sippi river valleys. Shortly after Jef-ferson became president, Nap...
overriding issue exacerbat-ed the regional and economic dif-ferences between North and South: slavery . Resenting the large profits amassed by Northern businessmen from marketing the cotton crop, many Southerners attributed the backwardness of their own section to Northern aggrandizement. Many Northerners, on the other hand, de-clared that slavery ...
A PICTURE PROFILE The monuments of American history span a continent in distance and centuries in time. They range from a massive serpent-shaped mound created by a long-gone Native-American culture to memorials in contemporary Washington, D.C., and New York City. The snow-covered Old Granary cemetery in Boston, Massachusetts, is burial ground for,...
in the East, expansion into the plains and mountains by miners, ranchers, and settlers led to increas-ing conflicts with the Native Amer-icans of the West . Many tribes of Native Americans — from the Utes of the Great Basin to the Nez Perces of Idaho — fought the whites at one time or another . But the Sioux of the Northern Plains and the Apache of...
last decades of the 19th century were a period of imperial expansion for the United States. The American story took a different course from that of its European rivals, however, because of the U.S. history of strug-gle against European empires and its unique democratic development. The sources of American ex-pansionism in the late 19th century were...
established in the Philip-pines and firmly entrenched in Ha-waii at the turn of the century, the United States had high hopes for a vigorous trade with China. However, Japan and various European nations had acquired established spheres of influence there in the form of naval bases, leased territories, monopolis-tic trade rights, and exclusive con-c...
was Wilson’s hope that the final treaty, drafted by the victors, would be even-handed, but the passion and material sacrifice of more than four years of war caused the European Allies to make severe demands. Per-suaded that his greatest hope for peace, a League of Nations, would never be realized unless he made concessions, Wilson compromised somew...
Dwight Eisenhower suc-ceeded Truman as president, he accepted the basic framework of gov-ernment responsibility established by the New Deal, but sought to hold the line on programs and expendi-tures. He termed his approach “dy-namic conservatism” or “modern Republicanism,” which meant, he ex-plained, “conservative when it comes to money, liberal wh...
the 1950s, many cul-tural commentators pointed out that a sense of uniformity pervaded American society. Conformity, they asserted, was numbingly common . Though men and women had been forced into new employment pat-terns during World War II, once the war was over, traditional roles were reaffirmed. Men expected to be the breadwinners in each famil...
Americans became in-creasingly restive in the postwar years. During the war they had chal-lenged discrimination in the mili-tary services and in the work force, and they had made limited gains . Millions of African Americans had left Southern farms for Northern cit-ies, where they hoped to find better jobs . They found instead crowded conditions in...
president under Eisenhower before his unsuccessful run for the presidency in 1960, Nixon was seen as among the shrewdest of Ameri-can politicians . Although Nixon subscribed to the Republican value of fiscal responsibility, he accepted a need for government’s expanded role and did not oppose the ba-sic contours of the welfare state . He simply want...
Reagan’s domestic pro-gram was rooted in his belief that the nation would prosper if the power of the private economic sector was un-leashed. The guiding theory behind it, “supply side” economics, held that a greater supply of goods and services, made possible by measures to increase business investment, was the swiftest road to economic growth . A...
was in many respects the perfect leader for a party divided be-tween liberal and moderate wings . He ran as a pragmatic centrist who could moderate the demands of various Democratic Party interest groups without alienating them. Avoiding ideological rhetoric that declared big government to be a positive good, he proposed a num-ber of programs that ...
practice, Clinton’s centrism demanded choices that sometimes elicited vehement emotions . The president’s first policy initiative was designed to meet the demands of gays, who, claiming a group status as victims of discrimination, had become an important constituency for the Democratic Party. Immediately after his inaugu-ration, President Clinton i...
Democratic Party nominated Vice President Al Gore to head its ticket in 2000. To oppose him, the Republicans chose George W. Bush, the governor of Texas and son of for-mer president George H.W. Bush. Gore ran as a dedicated liberal, intensely concerned with damage to the environment and determined to seek more assistance for the less privileged sec...
served two terms, Presi-dent George W. Bush was constitu-tionally prohibited from being elected again to the presidency. After a spir-ited preconvention campaign, the Republicans chose as their candi-date Senator John McCain of Ari-zona. A Vietnam veteran respected for his heroic resistance as a prison-er of war, McCain possessed strong foreign pol...
By Jack Temple Kirby University of North Carolina Press
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United States during the period from 1890 to the 1930s by focusing on the practice of his toriography by three of the most influential American historiographers whose work spans this period: J. Franklin Jameson, John Spencer Bassett, and Harry Elmer Barnes.
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Whereas the founders envisioned the United States as a republic, not a democracy, and had placed safeguards such as the Electoral College in the 1787 Constitution to prevent simple majority rule, the early 1820s saw many Americans embracing majority rule and rejecting old forms of deference that were based on elite ideas of virtue, learning ...
