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The Fourth Crusade (1202–1204) was a Latin Christian armed expedition called by Pope Innocent III. The stated intent of the expedition was to recapture the Muslim-controlled city of Jerusalem, by first defeating the powerful Egyptian Ayyubid Sultanate.
The Catholic Church viewed the Waldensians as unorthodox, and in 1184 at the Synod of Verona, under the auspices of Pope Lucius III, they were excommunicated. Pope Innocent III went even further during the Fourth Lateran Council in 1215, officially denouncing the Waldensians as heretics.
In January, 1029, Pope Innocent III issued his mandate to the prior and convent of Coventry to proceed to the election of a bishop, notwithstanding, as he says, the repeated prevarications of the king: if they did not do so he would himself appoint, and punish them for their disobedience.
He then led the group of 12 disciples to Rome to seek the approval of Pope Innocent III, an important step that demonstrated Francis’s recognition of papal authority and saved his order from the fate of the Waldensians, who had been declared heretics in the late 12th century.
Upon his return to England John became involved in a conflict with Pope Innocent III over the choice of an archbishop. At Hubert Walter’s death in 1205 the monks at Canterbury had secretly elected their subprior and sent him to Rome to receive the pallium from the pope.
From the beginning of his reign, Pope Innocent III attempted to end Catharism by sending missionaries and persuading the local authorities to act against the Cathars. In 1208, Pierre de Castelnau , Innocent's papal legate , was murdered while returning to Rome after excommunicating Count Raymond VI of Toulouse , who, in his view, was too lenient with the Cathars. [ 10 ]
In May 1391 when Norton became the fifteenth Augustinian abbey in England the pope permitted the first abbot and his successors to use the mitre, ring, pastoral staff, and other pontifical insignia; in 1395 the new abbot presided over the Chapter of Augustinian canons held at Northampton.
