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  1. 4 days ago · Schopenhauer was among the first thinkers in Western philosophy to share and affirm significant tenets of Indian philosophy, such as asceticism, denial of the self, and the notion of the world-as-appearance. [ 13 ] His work has been described as an exemplary manifestation of philosophical pessimism. [ 14 ]

  2. 14 hours ago · John Stuart Mill. John Stuart Mill (20 May 1806 – 7 May 1873) [ 1 ] was an English philosopher, political economist, politician and civil servant. One of the most influential thinkers in the history of liberalism, he contributed widely to social theory, political theory, and political economy.

  3. 1 day ago · Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel [a] (27 August 1770 – 14 November 1831) was a German philosopher and one of the most influential figures of German idealism and 19th-century philosophy.

  4. Oct 7, 2024 · Western philosophy - Rationalism, Empiricism, Existentialism: Kant’s death in 1804 formally marked the end of the Enlightenment. The 19th century ushered in new philosophical problems and new conceptions of what philosophy ought to do. It was a century of great philosophical diversity.

  5. Sep 21, 2024 · Political philosophy - Enlightenment, Natural Rights, Sovereignty: Although in antiquity great civilizations arose in Egypt and Mesopotamia, in the Indus Valley, and in China, there was little speculation about the problems of political philosophy as formulated in the West.

  6. Sep 25, 2024 · Marxism, a body of doctrine developed by Karl Marx and, to a lesser extent, by Friedrich Engels in the mid-19th century. It originally consisted of three related ideas: a philosophical anthropology, a theory of history, and an economic and political program.

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  8. 3 days ago · Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche[ ii ] (15 October 1844 – 25 August 1900) was a German classical scholar, philosopher, and critic of culture, who became one of the most influential of all modern thinkers. [ 14 ] He began his career as a classical philologist before turning to philosophy. He became the youngest person to hold the Chair of Classical ...

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