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1973
- Built by Lavochkin, Mars 4 was the first of two 3MS spacecraft launched to Mars in 1973, being followed by Mars 5.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_4
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The Mars program was a series of uncrewed spacecraft launched by the Soviet Union between 1960 and 1973. The spacecraft were intended to explore Mars, and included flyby probes, landers and orbiters. Early Mars spacecraft were small, and launched by Molniya rockets.
Mars 5M (Mars 79) was a sample return mission developed in 1977 to be double launched in 1979 by Proton launchers and then docked in Earth orbit for a joint flight of orbital and return modules to Mars.
The concept outlined was the launch of an enormous 5NM unmanned spacecraft to Mars on 17 September 1975. The N1 would place a 98 metric ton payload into low earth orbit, consisting of a 78 metric ton two-stage trans-Mars injection rocket and the 20 metric ton 5NM spacecraft.
Mars 4NM and Mars 5NM – projects intended by the Soviet Union for heavy Marsokhod (in 1973 according to initial plan of 1970) and Mars sample return (planned for 1975). The missions were to be launched on the failed N1 rocket.
In 1970 the Soviet Union began the design of Mars 4NM and Mars 5NM missions with super-heavy uncrewed Martian spacecraft. First was Marsokhod , with a planned date of early 1973, and second was the Mars sample return mission planned for 1975.
NASA's Perseverance Rover began its long journey to Mars on July 30, 2020 by successfully launching from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station on a ULA Atlas V rocket. It began its seven-month journey to the Red Planet, landing there on Feb. 18, 2021. Credits: NASA/JPL-Caltech. Cruise: The Trip to Mars.
According to the 5NM concept, a giant N1 or N-1M rocket would launch a 98-ton behemoth in September 1975 on a round trip to the Red Planet, resulting in the delivery of a soil sample from the mysterious Red Planet.
