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- Exposure and susceptibility underlie every organism's infection status, and an untold diversity of factors can drive variation in both. Often, both exposure and susceptibility change in response to a given factor, and they can interact, such that their relative contributions to observed disease dynamics are obscured.
besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1365-2435.14065
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What is exposure & susceptibility?
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May 3, 2022 · Exposure and susceptibility actively counteract one another. Increased susceptibility or exposure invokes a feedback response, which then affects one or both of them, eventually influencing infection in the opposing direction.
- Amy R. Sweeny, Gregory F. Albery
- 03 May 2022
- 3
- 36, Issue7
I - Susceptible, increased exposure*: A microorganism is categorised as "Susceptible, Increased exposure*" when there is a high likelihood of therapeutic success because exposure to the agent is increased by adjusting the dosing regimen or by its concentration at the site of infection.
Oct 18, 2022 · We define susceptibility as the likelihood that an individual will contract an infectious disease when exposed to a particular pathogen. A more direct link between structural disadvantage and susceptibility to infection can be seen in the persistent disparity of vaccine coverage in racialized minority and disadvantaged populations (34, 35).
- Grace A Noppert, Sonia T Hegde, John T Kubale
- Am J Epidemiol. 2023 Mar; 192(3): 475-482.
- 10.1093/aje/kwac186
- 2023/03
- Introduction
- Conceptual Issues: Vulnerability and Susceptibility
- Measurement Issues: Interaction and Mediation
- Empirical Examples and Mechanisms
- Policy Implications
- Conclusions
Tackling socioeconomic inequalities in health is based on an understanding of how an individual’s socioeconomic position (SEP) influences risk of disease and consequences of disease. Whereas the latter is strongly influenced by the health care system, the former is generated by exposure to causes of disease. There are here, in theory, two possible ...
Most of the current studies in social epidemiology that analyse differential effects use the term differential vulnerability. The concept of vulnerability is however also used by many other very different disciplines, ranging from bioethics to environmental science, psychology and genetics. Vulnerability was a key concept in an early version of the...
For priority and target setting in policies aiming at tackling health inequalities, different estimates are relevant. It is important to be able to estimate how much of the effect of SEP on health would be removed if a mediating exposure is removed—what has been called the ‘proportion eliminated’27—or if the social distribution of the mediator is c...
Social epidemiology
In social epidemiology the issue of differential susceptibility was raised already in the early 1970 s. Dohrenwend found in 1973 that differential exposure to stressful life events could only partly explain social inequalities in distress,31 and that the correlation between stressor and distress was stronger among lower status groups. Syme and Berkman32 noted in 1976 that the same social patterning was found for many (albeit not all) diseases with very different aetiology, and suggested the e...
Susceptibility at the molecular level
Individual variation in susceptibility to health effects of many exposures might often be genetically determined. If genotypes associated with diseases are unequally distributed across SEPs, they might have relevance for socioeconomically differential susceptibility. The relevance of this for health inequalities is however still unclear,34 and the few population-based studies that exist have not shown any association between, for example, diabetes-related polymorphisms and SEP.35 But even equ...
Vulnerability at the community level
Many exposures, such as environmental air pollution and climate change, infectious agents and social contexts, are characterized by being non-differential in the sense that everybody in the population are equally exposed. Their health consequences are, however, sometimes still very unequally distributed across communities.22,43 The question of what makes communities vulnerable to environmental exposures has stimulated much research. Models of both Turner et al.20 in the USA and Birkmann et al...
The existence of differential susceptibility and vulnerability influences the choice of preventive strategies to tackle health inequalities. How different preventive programmes actually impact on health inequalities depends on at least four aspects:15differential implementation, i.e. how programmes are implemented and reach different population gro...
Estimating both differential exposure and differential susceptibility to causes mediating the effect of social position is relevant in health inequality research. Recent methodological developments have made it possible to decompose the effect of social position on health into four components of mediation and interaction, and to estimate absolute e...
- Finn Diderichsen, Finn Diderichsen, Johan Hallqvist, Margaret Whitehead
- 2019
Oct 28, 2000 · Identification of many common genetic variants that influence susceptibility to infection. Use of this information to discover genes encoding novel molecules that fight infection and to pinpoint critical pathways in immune regulation, leading to new therapeutic strategies for infectious and inflammatory disease.
- Dominic Kwiatkowski
- 2000
Jul 29, 2019 · Multiple innate factors (e.g., age, nutritional status, genetics, immune competency, and pre-existing chronic diseases) and external variables (e.g., concurrent drug therapy) influence the overall susceptibility of a person exposed to a virus.
Jul 10, 2024 · In 2019, the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) published new guidelines for the interpretation of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and zone diameters of antibiotics against bacteria. EUCAST has proposed a new definition of antibiotic susceptibility categories. The former
