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Otis, taking these two proclamations as tantamount to war, strengthened American observation posts and alerted his troops. Aguinaldo's proclamations energized the masses with a vigorous determination to fight what was perceived as an ally turned enemy. Some 40,000 Filipinos fled Manila within a period of 15 days.
- Causes of The War
- How The War Was Waged
- Casualties and Atrocities
- Philippine Independence
Since 1896, the Philippines had been struggling to gain its independence from Spain in the Philippine Revolution. In 1898, the United States intervened by defeating Spain in the Philippines and Cuba in the Spanish-American War. Signed on December 10, 1898, the Treaty of Parisended the Spanish-American War and allowed the United States to purchase t...
On February 4-5, 1899, the first and largest battle of the Philippine-American War, the Battle of Manila, was fought between 15,000 armed Filipino militiamen commanded by Philippine President Emilio Aguinaldo and 19,000 U.S. soldiers under Army General Elwell Stephen Otis. The battle began on the evening of February 4, when U.S. troops, though orde...
While relatively short compared to past and future wars, the Philippine-American War was especially bloody and brutal. An estimated 20,000 Filipino revolutionaries and 4,200 American soldiers died in combat. Also, as many as 200,000 Filipino civilians died from starvation or disease or were killed as “collateral damage” during battles. Other estima...
As the first war of America’s “imperialistic period,” the Philippine-American War marked the beginning of a nearly 50-year period of U.S. involvement in the Philippines. Through its victory, the United States gained a strategically located colonial base for its commercial and military interests in the Asian-Pacific region. From the beginning, U.S. ...
- Robert Longley
Philippine President Emilio Aguinaldo attempted to broker a ceasefire, but American General Elwell Stephen Otis rejected it, and fighting escalated the next day. It ended in an American victory, although minor skirmishes continued for several days afterward.
- February 4-5, 1899
- Manila, Philippines
Apr 27, 2021 · What made Aguinaldo change his mind? And more important, how did the Filipino people take his surrender? A guerrilla war could have resulted in Philippine victory. A month before, Aguinaldo was hiding with his family and some bodyguards in the town of Palanan in Isabela.
Otis sent Emilio Aguinaldo a version of the proclamation that he had bowdlerized by removing mention of US sovereignty "to stress our benevolent purpose" and not "offend Filipino sensibilities" by substituting "free people" for "supremacy of the United States" and deleting "to exercise future domination."
Otis, who may well have been responsible for Aguinaldo's escape to the mountains in December 1899. But neither Taylor nor Sexton questioned the decision to acquire the islands or the methods employed to subdue the resistance, and both disparaged the Filipinos. They also condemned the anti-
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skirts of Manila between American troops and Aguinaldo's army. After having fought to expel Spain, the leaders of the Philippine Republic were determined to resist an American takeover. The Philippine-American War passed through two distinct phases. From February to November 1899, Aguinaldo's army con-
