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Learn about the four elements of matter (earth, water, air & fire) with HST's science projects and lessons, including how to make a fire extinguisher.
- Build a Mousetrap Car
8. Screw the eye hooks onto the bottom of the cardboard...
- The Rock Cycle
The rock cycle – a continuous process by which rocks are...
- Solar Energy
Every morning the sun rises, bringing light and heat to the...
- Rocks and Minerals
It’s very hot deep inside the earth – so hot that part of...
- Build a Mousetrap Car
Earth sciences, the fields of study concerned with the solid Earth, its waters, and the air that envelops it. Included are the geologic, hydrologic, and atmospheric sciences. The broad aim of the Earth sciences is to understand the present features and past evolution of Earth and to use this knowledge, where appropriate, for the benefit of ...
- Earth sciences are the fields of study concerned with the solid Earth, its waters, and the air that envelops it. They include the geologic, hydrolo...
- Earth sciences study largely inaccessible objects: many rocks, water bodies, and oil reservoirs are at great depths in the Earth, while air masses...
- There are six groups of Earth science topics. One includes disciplines examining water and air at or above Earth’s surface, while another studies t...
Jan 21, 2023 · Structure of the Earth. Studies based on the reflection and refraction of the acoustic waves resulting from earthquakes show that the interior of the earth consists of four distinct regions. A combination of physical and chemical processes led to the differentiation of the earth into these major parts.
- History of Study
- Layers
- Upper Mantle
- Lower Mantle
- Inner CORE
Since ancient times, human beings have sought to understand the formation and composition of the Earth. The earliest known cases were unscientific in nature – taking the form of creation myths or religious fables involving the gods. However, between classical antiquity and the medieval period, several theories emerged about the origin of the Earth ...
The Earth can be divided into one of two ways – mechanically or chemically. Mechanically – or rheologically, meaning the study of liquid states – it can be divided into the lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesospheric mantle, outer core, and the inner core. But chemically, which is the more popular of the two, it can be divided into the crust, the mantl...
The mantle, which makes up about 84% of Earth's volume, is predominantly solid, but behaves as a very viscous fluid in geological time. The upper mantle, which starts at the "Mohorovicic Discontinuity" (aka. the "Moho" – the base of the crust) extends from a depth of 7 to 35 km (4.3 to 21.7 mi) downwards to a depth of 410 km (250 mi). The uppermost...
The lower mantle lies between 660-2,891 km (410-1,796 miles) in depth. Temperatures in this region of the planet can reach over 4,000 °C (7,230 °F) at the boundary with the core, vastly exceeding the melting points of mantle rocks. However, due to the enormous pressure exerted on the mantle, viscosity and melting are very limited compared to the up...
Like the outer core, the inner core is composed primarily of iron and nickel and has a radius of ~1,220 km. Density in the core ranges between 12,600-13,000 kg/m3, which suggests that there must also be a great deal of heavy elements there as well – such as gold, platinum, palladium, silver and tungsten. The temperature of the inner core is estimat...
2 days ago · Earth, third planet from the Sun and the fifth largest planet in the solar system in terms of size and mass. Its single most outstanding feature is that its near-surface environments are the only places in the universe known to harbour life. It is designated by the symbol ♁.
Crust and Lithosphere. Earth’s outer surface is its crust; a cold, thin, brittle outer shell made of rock. The crust is very thin, relative to the radius of the planet. There are two very different types of crust, each with its own distinctive physical and chemical properties.
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The Earth has a layered structure made up of crust, mantle, outer core and inner core. Find out more in this BBC Bitesize guide for students aged 11-14.
