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Marshalling liturgical, cultural, artistic, literary and archival evidence, she explores the four phases of the Schism: the breach after the 1378 election, the subsequent division of the Church, redressive actions, and reintegration of the papacy in a single pope.
- (PDF) 1054, The Great Schism | Herb Swanson - Academia.edu
The Great Schism divided Western Christianity between 1378...
- (PDF) 1054, The Great Schism | Herb Swanson - Academia.edu
- What Led to The Great Schism?
- Little Schisms
- Language Differences
- Iconoclastic Controversy
- Filioque Clause Controversy
- What Sealed The East-West Schism?
- Attempts at Reconciliation
- Sources
By the third century, the Roman Empire was growing too large and difficult to govern, so Emperor Diocletian decided to divide the empire into two domains—the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire, also known as the Byzantine Empire. One of the initial factors which caused a shifting apart of the two domains was language. The primary lan...
The churches in the divided Empire began to disconnect as well. Five patriarchs held authority in different regions: The Patriarch of Rome, Alexandria, Antioch, Constantinople, and Jerusalem. The Patriarch of Rome (the pope) held the honor of “first among equals,” but he did not possess authority over the other patriarchs. Small disagreements calle...
Since the main language of the people in the Eastern Empire was Greek, Eastern churches developed Greek rites, using the Greek language in their religious ceremonies and the Greek Septuagint translation of the Old Testament. Roman churches conducted services in Latin, and their Bibles were written in the Latin Vulgate.
During the eighth and ninth centuries, controversy also arose regarding the use of icons in worship. Byzantine Emperor Leo III declared that the worship of religious images was hereticaland idolatrous. Many Eastern bishops cooperated with their emperor’s rule, but the Western Church stood firm in support of the use of religious images.
The filioque clause controversy ignited one of the most critical arguments of the East-West Schism. This dispute centered around the Trinity doctrine and whether the Holy Spirit proceeds from God the Fatheralone or from both the Father and the Son. Filioque is a Latin term meaning “and the son.” Originally, the Nicene Creedstated simply that the Ho...
Most contentious of all and the conflict which brought the Great Schism to a head was the issue of ecclesiastical authority—specifically, whether the pope in Rome held power over the patriarchs in the East. The Roman Church had argued for the primacyof the Roman pope since the fourth century and claimed that he held universal authority over the who...
Despite the Great Schism of 1054, the two branches still communicated with each other on friendly terms until the time of the Fourth Crusade. However, in 1204, Western crusaders brutally sacked Constantinople and defiled the great Byzantine Church of the Hagia Sophia. Now that the break was permanent, the two branches of Christianity became more an...
The Complete Book of When and Where in the Bible and Throughout History (p. 164).Pocket Dictionary of Church History: Over 300 Terms Clearly and Concisely Defined (p. 122).The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3rd ed. rev., p. 1089).Pocket History of Theology: Twenty Centuries in Five Concise Acts (p. 60).The Great Schism divided Western Christianity between 1378 and 1417. Two popes and their courts occupied the see of St. Peter, one in Rome, and one in Avignon. Traditionally, this event has received attention from scholars of institutional history.
- Herb Swanson
which had led to the famous Council of Nicaea in the 4th century CE. This book chronicles the events that led to the schism, the key figures that played a hand in the confusion, and how the contentious issues were finally resolved. The History of the Christian Church Until the Great Schism of 1054 Mikhail Emmanuelovich Posnov,
On July 16, 1054, Patriarch of Constantinople Michael Cerularius was excommunicated, starting the “Great Schism” that created the two largest denominations in Christianity—the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox faiths.
Thus the Great Schism of 1054 had extensive, influential political, cultural, social, religious and historical consequences. The Great Schism’s legacy of disunion would be evident in the church, the Christian faith and religion for many generations to come.
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What made the schism continue so firmly for centuries was not theological in nature but the behavior of western armies raised and sent by Western church leaders to put down the spread of Islam into Jerusalem and territories of the eastern church.
