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Psychology Chapter 15, 16,17 exam. Psychologists typically define _________ behavior, broadly, as behavior that causes people to experience distress and prevents them from functioning in their daily lives. Click the card to flip 👆. abnormal.
Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Most psychologists define consciousness as A) our subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment. B) mental processes. C) observations of behavior.
- Principles of Behaviorism
- Behaviorist Theory
- Applications
- Strengths
The behaviorist movement began in 1913 when John B. Watson wrote an article entitled Psychology as the behaviorist views it, which set out several underlying assumptions regarding methodology and behavioral analysis: One assumption of the learning approach is that all behaviors are learned from the environment. They can be learned through classical...
John B Watson: Methodological Behaviorism
Proposed by John B. Watson, methodological behaviorism focuses solely on observable, measurable behaviors and rejects the study of internal mental processes. Watson argued that thoughts, feelings, and desires cannot be directly observed and, therefore, should not be part of psychological study. Watson proposed that behaviors can be studied in a systematic and observable manner with no consideration of internal mental states. He argued that all behaviors in animals or humans are learned, and t...
B.F Skinner: Radical Behaviorism
Radical behaviorism was founded by B.F Skinner, who agreed with the assumption of methodological behaviorism that the goal of psychology should be to predict and control behavior. Radical Behaviorism expands upon earlier forms of behaviorism by incorporating internal events such as thoughts, emotions, and feelings as part of the behavioral process. Unlike methodological behaviorism, which asserts that only observable behaviors should be studied, radical behaviorism accepts that these internal...
Bandura: Social Learning
Behaviorism has undergone many transformations since John Watson developed it in the early part of the twentieth century. Social learning theory is a more recent extension of behaviorism that emphasizes the role of plans and expectations in people’s behavior. One more recent extension of this approach has been the development of social learning theory, which emphasizes the role of plans and expectations in people’s behavior. Under social learning theory, people were no longer seen as passive...
Mental health
Behaviorism theorized that abnormal behavior and mental illness stem from faulty learning processes rather than internal conflicts or unconscious forces, as psychoanalysis claimed. Based on behaviorism, behavior therapy aims to replace maladaptive behaviors with more constructive ones through techniques like systematic desensitization, aversion therapy, and token economies. Systematic desensitizationhelps phobia patients gradually confront feared objects. The behaviorist approach has been use...
Education
The implications of classical conditioning in the classroom are less important than those of operant conditioning, but there is still a need for teachers to try to make sure that students associate positive emotional experiences with learning. If a student associates negative emotional experiences with school, then this can obviously have bad results, such as creating a school phobia. For example, if a student is bullied at school, they may learn to associate the school with fear. It could al...
Addiction
Cue reactivity is the theory that people associate situations (e.g., meeting with friends)/ places (e.g., pub) with the rewarding effects of nicotine, and these cues can trigger a feeling of craving (Carter & Tiffany, 1999). These factors become smoking-related cues. Prolonged use of nicotine creates an association between these factors and smoking based on classical conditioning. Nicotine is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS), and the pleasure caused by the sudden increase in dopamine levels i...
1. Scientific Methodology
Behaviorism emphasizes observable and measurable behaviors, leading to a more scientific and objective approach to studying psychology. This approach allows for greater objectivity and replicability in psychological research, as behaviors can be quantified and studied systematically. By emphasizing scientific methods, behaviorism has contributed to the development of psychology as a more rigorous and evidence-based discipline.
2. Empirical Support
Behaviorism has experimental support: Pavlov showed that classical conditioning leads to learning by association. Watson and Raynershowed that phobias could be learned through classical conditioning in the “Little Albert” experiment.
3. Parsimony
Behaviorist explanations are often simpler and more straightforward than those of other approaches, as they focus on observable behaviors rather than internal mental processes. According to the law of parsimony, the fewer assumptions a theory makes, the better and the more credible it is. Therefore, behaviorism looks for simple explanations of human behavior from a scientific standpoint.
Define “psychological disorder” and summarize the general causes of disorder. Explain why it is so difficult to define disorder, and how the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM ) is used to make diagnoses.
Aggression refers to behavior that is intended to harm another individual. Violence is aggression that creates extreme physical harm. Emotional or impulsive aggression refers to aggression that occurs with only a small amount of forethought or intent. Instrumental or cognitive aggression is intentional and planned.
People also ask
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What is abnormal behavior?
May 14, 2024 · Abnormal behavior is any behavior that has a significant adverse impact on a person’s life, usually by deviating from social norms, interfering with daily function, creating distress, or causing danger.
