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Nov 21, 2023 · The buffering hypothesis is a theoretical account that proposes that social support can help people overcome stressful or negative experiences in life.
- Psychologists Sheldon Cohen and Thomas Ashby Wills published a paper in 1985 proposing the buffering hypothesis. In this paper, they discussed the...
- Social support can lessen the impact of stressful events and can lessen the intensity of negative reactions to these events. As well, it can preven...
- Buffering in stress is when someone is protected by stress. Social support is thought to buffer or protect people from the negative effects of expe...
- According to the buffering hypothesis, social support has a significant impact on well-being. People who have a strong social support structure are...
A buffering effect is a process in which a psychosocial resource reduces the impact of life stress on psycho-logical well-being. Having such a resource contributes to adjustment because persons are less affected by negative life events.
The four mediational processes proposed by Bandura are attention (whether we notice the behaviour); retention (whether we remember the behaviour); reproduction (whether we are able to perform the behaviour); and motivation (whether the perceived rewards outweigh the perceived costs).
- Shallow Processing
- Deep Processing
- Key Study: Craik and Tulving
- Real-Life Applications
- Strengths
- Weaknesses
- References
– This takes two forms Shallow processing only involves maintenance rehearsal (repetition to help us holdsomething in the STM) and leads to fairly short-term retention of information. This is the only rehearsal type to occur within the multi-store model.
– This takes two forms Deep processing involves elaboration rehearsalwhich involves a more meaningful analysis (e.g. images, thinking, associations, etc.) of information and leads to better recall. For example, giving words a meaning or linking them with previous knowledge.
Aim
To investigate how deep and shallow processing affects memory recall.
Method
Participants were presented with a series of 60 words about which they had to answer one of three questions. Some questions required the participants to process the word in a deep way (e.g. semantic) and others in a shallow way (e.g. structural and phonemic). For example: 1. Structural / visual processing: ‘Is the word in capital letters or small letters? 2. Phonemic / auditory processing: ‘Does the word rhyme with . . .?’ 3. Semantic processing: ‘Does the word go in this sentence . . . . ? P...
Results
Participants recalled more words that were semantically processed compared to phonemically and visually processed words.
This explanation of memory is useful in everyday life because it highlights the way in which elaboration, which requires deeper processing of information, can aid memory. Three examples of this are. 1. Reworking– putting information in your own words or talking about it with someone else. 2. Method of loci– when trying to remember a list of items, ...
The theory is an improvement on Atkinson & Shiffrin’s account of transfer from STM to LTM. For example, elaboration rehearsal leads to recall of information than just maintenance rehearsal. The levels of processing model changed the direction of memory research. It showed that encoding was not a simple, straightforward process. This widened the foc...
Despite these strengths, there are a number of criticisms of the levels of processing theory: 1. It does not explain how the deeper processing results in better memories. 2. Deeper processing takes more effort than shallow processing and it could be this, rather than the depth of processing that makes it more likely people will remember something. ...
Bransford, J. D., Franks, J. J., Morris, C.D., & Stein, B.S.(1979). Some general constraints on learning and memory research. In L.S. Cermak & F.I.M. Craik(Eds.), Levels of processing in human memory(pp.331–354). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum AssociatesInc. Craik, F. I. M., & Lockhart, R. S. (1972). Levels of processing: A framework for memory re...
Jan 3, 2018 · For starters, we may define “a process” as a series of actions or operations taken toward achieving a particular end. “To process,” hence, is to perform a series of operations on something in...
Jan 12, 2024 · Affect in psychology refers to an observable and outward expression of emotions. In psychology, we use the term to examine a person's ability to demonstrate a typical and proportionate range emotional reactions to situations.
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Jun 9, 2020 · The unified theory of psychology posits that there are distinct domains of mental processes that need to be separated and then interrelated to understand the human mind (see here for how to...
