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1 day ago · Diabetes mellitus, often known simply as diabetes, is a group of common endocrine diseases characterized by sustained high blood sugar levels. [10] [11] Diabetes is due to either the pancreas not producing enough insulin, or the cells of the body becoming unresponsive to the hormone's effects. [12]
1 day ago · A body of water under the jurisdiction of a state or nation, to which access is not permitted, or is tightly regulated. / ˈ m eɪ r i ˈ k l ɔː z ə m / mare liberum: open sea A body of water open to all. Typically a synonym for International Waters, or in other legal parlance, the "High Seas". mea culpa: through my fault An acknowledgement ...
1 day ago · Pragmatists disagree over whether philosophers ought to adopt a quietist or a naturalist stance toward the mind-body problem. The former, including Rorty, want to do away with the problem because they believe it's a pseudo-problem, whereas the latter believe that it is a meaningful empirical question. [citation needed]
- Signs and Symptoms
- Risk Factors
- Mechanism
- Complications
- Diagnosis
- Management
- Prognosis
- Epidemiology
- Frequency and Population
- History
The typical screening process for sleep apnea involves asking patients about common symptoms such as snoring, witnessed pauses in breathing during sleep and excessive daytime sleepiness. There is a wide range in presenting symptoms in patients with sleep apnea, from being asymptomatic to falling asleep while driving. Due to this wide range in clini...
Obstructive sleep apnea can affect people regardless of sex, race, or age.However, risk factors include: 1. male gender 2. obesity 3. age over 40 4. large neck circumference 5. enlarged tonsils or tongue 6. narrow upper jaw 7. small lower jaw 8. tongue fat/tongue scalloping 9. a family history of sleep apnea 10. endocrine disorderssuch as hypothyro...
Obstructive sleep apnea The causes of obstructive sleep apnea are complex and individualized, but typical risk factors include narrow pharyngeal anatomy and craniofacial structure. When anatomical risk factors are combined with non-anatomical contributors such as an ineffective pharyngeal dilator muscle function during sleep, unstable control of br...
OSA is a serious medical condition with systemic effects; patients with untreated OSA have a greater mortality risk from cardiovascular disease than those undergoing appropriate treatment. Other complications include hypertension, congestive heart failure, atrial fibrillation, coronary artery disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes. Daytime fatigue an...
Classification
There are three types of sleep apnea. OSA accounts for 84%, CSA for 0.9%, and 15% of cases are mixed.
Criteria
According to the International Classification of Sleep Disorders, there are 4 types of criteria. The first one concerns sleep – excessive sleepiness, nonrestorative sleep, fatigue or insomnia symptoms. The second and third criteria are about respiration – waking with breath holding, gasping, or choking; snoring, breathing interruptions or both during sleep. The last criterion revolved around medical issues as hypertension, coronary artery disease, stroke, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, t...
Polysomnography
Nighttime in-laboratory Level 1 polysomnography (PSG) is the gold standard test for diagnosis. Patients are monitored with EEG leads, pulse oximetry, temperature and pressure sensors to detect nasal and oral airflow, respiratory impedance plethysmography or similar resistance belts around the chest and abdomen to detect motion, an ECG lead, and EMG sensors to detect muscle contraction in the chin, chest, and legs. A hypopnea can be based on one of two criteria. It can either be a reduction in...
The treatment of obstructive sleep apnea is different than that of central sleep apnea. Treatment often starts with behavioral therapy and some people may be suggested to try a continuous positive airway pressure device. Many people are told to avoid alcohol, sleeping pills, and other sedatives, which can relax throat muscles, contributing to the c...
Death could occur from untreated OSA due to lack of oxygen to the body. There is increasing evidence that sleep apnea may lead to liver function impairment, particularly fatty liver diseases (see steatosis). It has been revealed that people with OSA show tissue loss in brain regions that help store memory, thus linking OSA with memory loss. Using m...
The Wisconsin Sleep Cohort Study estimated in 1993 that roughly one in every 15 Americans was affected by at least moderate sleep apnea.It also estimated that in middle-age as many as 9% of women and 24% of men were affected, undiagnosed and untreated. The costs of untreated sleep apnea reach further than just health issues. It is estimated that in...
Sleep disorders including sleep apnea have become an important health issue in the United States. Twenty-two million Americans have been estimated to have sleep apnea, with 80% of moderate and severe OSA cases undiagnosed. OSA can occur at any age, but it happens more frequently in men who are over 40 and overweight.
A type of CSA was described in the German myth of Ondine's curse where the person when asleep would forget to breathe. The clinical picture of this condition has long been recognized as a character trait, without an understanding of the disease process. The term "Pickwickian syndrome" that is sometimes used for the syndrome was coined by the famous...
1 day ago · One major axis of classification concerns invasiveness: an endoparasite lives inside the host's body; an ectoparasite lives outside, on the host's surface. Like predation, parasitism is a type of consumer–resource interaction , [ 3 ] but unlike predators , parasites, with the exception of parasitoids, are typically much smaller than their hosts, do not kill them, and often live in or on ...
1 day ago · The Oxford English Dictionary gives Latin and French origins for the word "entertain", including inter (among) + tenir (to hold) as derivations, giving translations of "to hold mutually" or "to hold intertwined" and "to engage, keep occupied, the attention, thoughts, or time (of a person)". It also provides words like "merry-making", "pleasure ...
5 hours ago · — The scholar of esotericism Wouter Hanegraaff, 2013. The concept of "Western esotericism" represents a modern scholarly construct rather than a pre-existing, self-defined tradition of thought. In the late 17th century, several European Christian thinkers presented the argument that one could categorise certain traditions of Western philosophy and thought together, thus establishing the ...
